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Recently, it was found that flux w and charge q are a pair of complementary basic physical attributes generating elementary circuit elements. With such a finding, two basic electrical circuit laws and constitutive relations of three fundamental circuit elements are rebuilt, upon which new dynamical equations describing dynamical circuits containing memristors are established. This leads to investigation of whether the memristor is a dynamic element.

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Aims: To isolate a new exopolysaccharide bioflocculant produced by the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum NUST06, and to characterize its chemical composition and expolysaccharide production relative to carbon source. Methods and Results: Exopolysaccharide levels and biomass production by S. cellulosum NUST06 were analysed relative to carbon source. Glucose in the medium at a level of 3 g l )1 completely inhibited cell growth and exopolysaccharide production, but low concentrations of glucose (1-2 g l )1 ) could stimulate cell utilization of starch. The chemical composition and flocculating activity of the NUST06 exopolysaccharide was investigated. The flocculant comprised 38AE3% proteins and 58AE5% carbohydrates, of which glucose, mannose and glucuronic acid were present at 51AE3%, 39AE2% and 10AE5%, respectively. The flocculating activity of the NUST06 flocculant depended strongly on cations. Conclusions: It is feasible to produce an exopolysaccharide bioflocculant by the strain NUST06 in a mineral salts medium using starch as a carbon source. Significance and Impact of the Study: This strain may be advantageous for commercial bioflocculant production and may enrich existing knowledge of myxobacteria.

Titanium/diamond‐like carbon (Ti/DLC) bilayer films with different relative thickness were fabricated by direct‐current and pulsed cathode arc plasma method. Microstructure, morphological characteristics, and mechanical properties of the films were investigated in dependence of the thickness of Ti and DLC layers by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Knoop sclerometer, and surface profilometer. Raman spectra of Ti/DLC bilayers show the microstructure evolution (the size and ordering degree of sp2‐hybridized carbon clusters) with varying the thicknesses of Ti interlayer and DLC layer. Nano‐scaled Ti interlayer of 12–20 nm thickness presents the largest size effect. The catalytic effect of the sublayer is most pronounced in the carbon layer of less than 106 nm. In these thickness ranges, the bilayer films possessed the highest micro‐hardness and reactivity between atoms at interface. Internal stress in the bilayer monotonically decreases, with the thickness of Ti interlayer increasing to 30 nm and then becomes stable with the thickness. These results are associated with the occurrence of atomic diffusion process at Ti/C interface, and they are of cardinal significance to optimize the structure and mechanical properties of carbon‐based multilayer films. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.