Environmental temperature is an important factor exerting pervasive influence on neuronal morphology and synaptic physiology. In the Drosophila brain, axonal arborization of mushroom body Kenyon cells was enhanced when flies were raised at high temperature (30°C rather than 22°C) for several days. Isolated embryonic neurons in culture that lacked cell-cell contacts also displayed a robust temperature-induced neurite outgrowth. This cell-autonomous effect was reflected by significantly increased high-order branching and enlarged growth cones. The temperature-induced morphological alterations were blocked by the Na ϩ channel blocker tetrodotoxin and a Ca 2ϩ channel mutation but could be mimicked by raising cultures at room temperature with suppressed K ϩ channel activity. Physiological analyses revealed increased inward Ca 2ϩ currents and decreased outward K ϩ currents, in conjunction with a distal shift in the site of action potential initiation and increased prevalence of TTX-sensitive spontaneous Ca 2ϩ transients. Importantly, the overgrowth caused by both temperature and hyperexcitability K ϩ channel mutations were sensitive to genetic perturbations of cAMP metabolism. Thus, temperature acts in a cell-autonomous manner to regulate neuronal excitability and spontaneous activity. Presumably, activitydependent Ca 2ϩ accumulation triggers the cAMP cascade to confer the activity-dependent plasticity of neuronal excitability and growth.

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Objective: To explore correlation of serum markers human neutrophil lipocalin and C-reactive protein with acute cholecystitis associated with bacterial infection, and to evaluate the diagnostic value of the markers. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to April 2020 at the Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, and comprised acute cholecystitis patients who were divided into bacterial infection group A and non-bacterial infection group B. Serum human neutrophil lipocalin and C-reactive protein were measured for both the groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the two markers in acute cholecystitis associated with bacterial infection. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Of the 145 patients, 65(45%) were in group A; 36(55.38%) males and 29(44.62%) females with a mean age of 45.79±2.50 years. In group B there were 80(55%) subjects; 45(56.25%) males and 35(43.75%) females with a mean age of 46.16±2.52 years (p>0.05). In group A, there were 60(92.31%) cases of acute calculous cholecystitis, and 5(7.69%) had acute acalculous cholecystitis compared to 73(91.25%) and 7(8.75%), respectively, in group B (p>0.05). Serum human neutrophil lipocalin and C-reactive protein levels in group A were higher than group B (p<0.001). Serum human neutrophil lipocalin showed a high positive correlation with C-reactive protein in group A (r=0.800, p<0.001), and a moderate positive correlation in group B (r=0.683, p<0.001). Area under the curve of serum human neutrophil lipocalin associated with C-reactive protein was 0.901 ---Continue