To investigate the seasonal adaptation strategies of Ophraella communa to new habitats, the effects and regulation mechanisms of photoperiod and temperature on the reproductive diapause in a population collected from Changsha, Hunan were examined. Adults showed obvious reproductive diapause, which was regulated by photoperiod and temperature. At 30°C, there was no adult diapause occurring under either long‐day or short‐day conditions; at 25°C the pre‐oviposition period was short and fecundity was high in adult females under L : D 16 : 8 h, whereas under L : D 12 : 12 h, a few females entered reproductive diapause; at 20°C under short‐day conditions, all female adults entered diapause. The pre‐oviposition period was significantly prolonged when the pupae and adults were transferred from long‐days to short‐days, but the day length influence was not obvious when they were transferred only in the adult stage. However, the fecundity dropped greatly no matter whether the photoperiod shifted to short‐days only in the adult stage or whether the shift occurred in both the pupal and adult stage. The fecundity was extremely low when photoperiod shifted from long‐days to short‐days in both pupal and adult stages. This was an indication that the pupal and adult stages were the photoperiod‐sensitive stage for adult reproductive diapause. This was especially true for the photoperiod in the pupal stage, which has a distinctly significant regulative effect on reproductive diapause. Additionally, this article also addresses the reason for different photoperiodic response patterns in reproductive diapause induction between the Changsha strain and the Tsukuba strain (Japan) of O. communa.
Highlights• RSSW can inhibit neuronal cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation• RSSW can increase the SOD activity, reduce ROS, and improve mitochondrial membrane potential in cortical neuron suffering from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury• RSSW protects neuron from apoptosis by reducing the activity of caspase 3 and caspase 9 IntroductionStroke and neurodegenerative disease account for the majority of public health problems in middle-aged and elderly people. These health problems have become a heavier burden over the years to families and society, as the average lifespan has continued to increase. However, combating stroke and neurodegenerative disease has proven to be an enormous challenge [1][2][3].Oxidative stress has been implicated in the progression of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [4][5][6]. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance in pro-oxidant/ antioxidant homeostasis that leads to the generation of toxic Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS react preferentially with certain atoms to modulate functions ranging from cell homeostasis to cell death [5].Significant amounts of oxygen free radicals (oxidants) are generated during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, and oxidative stress plays an important role in brain ischemic neuronal apoptosis and brain damage after stroke. Apoptosis is the main mechanism of cerebral ischemic neuronal damage. In addition to oxidizing macromolecules, leading to cell injury, oxidants are also involved in cell death/survival signal pathways and cause mitochondrial dysfunction [4].Early signs of cell apoptosis include mitochondrial dysfunction, increased membrane permeability, and decreased membrane potential. Intracellular ROS increase dramatically and induce changes to mitochondrial membrane potential, damage to mitochondrial DNA, changes to the electron transfer chain, and disruption of mitochondrial function, eventually leading to neuronal degeneration and death [6].Increasing endo-antioxidant function, restoring mitochondrial dysfunction, and reducing the apoptosis induced by oxidative stress are promising strategies to treat the cerebrovascular and neural disorders related to ischemic brain damage, such as ischemic stroke, Zhu J, et al., J Alzheimers Neurodegener Dis 2016, 2: 008 DOI: 10.24966/AND-9608/100008 HSOA Journal of Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Article AbstractRensheng Shouwu Capsule (RSSW) is an approved and patented drug of Traditional Chinese Medicine that has been used for years to treat vascular dementia and neural syndrome related to cerebral-vascular ischemia. However, the underlying mechanism of RSSW remains unclear.Previous studies have indicated that RSSW could significantly reduce cerebral ischemic injury and improve vascular dementia. In the present study, cultured cortical neuron hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model was used to test the neuroprotection of RSSW and its mechanisms in vitro.RSSW 0.2~5.0 μg/ml was dem...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.