A simple approach to wafer-scale self-cleaning antireflective hierarchical silicon structures is demonstrated. By employing the KOH etching and silver catalytic etching, pyramidal hierarchical structures were generated on the crystalline silicon wafer, which exhibit strong antireflection and superhydrophobic properties after fluorination. Furthermore, a flexible superhydrophobic substrate was fabricated by transferring the hierarchical Si structure to the NOA 63 film with UV-assisted imprint lithography. This method is of potential application in optical, optoelectronic, and wettability control devices.
Rationale
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a serious condition that largely increases the risk of aortic dissection and sudden death. Exploring the global burden of disease and changes in risk factors for AA is essential for public health policy development.
Objective
To project the death burden from AA and its attributable risk factors in the following decade based on the epidemiological data over the past 30 years.
Methods and Results
We analysed the death burden of AA and trends of four risk factors from 1990–2019 using the updated 2019 Global Burden of Disease study database by Joinpoint regression analysis. Furthermore, we project the AA-related death burden for the next decade using the Bayesian age-period-cohort model. This study discovered that the global burden of death attributable to AA began to increase after decreasing for two decades. This upward trend will continue in the subsequent decade (average annual percent change: 0.318%, 95% CI: 0.288 to 0.348). Meanwhile, the disease burdens in all economic regions except high-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions will continuously increase in the next decade, with the fastest acceleration in the low-middle SDI region (average annual percent change: 1.183%, 95% CI: 1.166 to 1.200). Notably, high systolic blood pressure will surpass the contribution of smoking to become the most important risk factor for mortality due to AA.
Conclusion
This study discovered a rebounding trend in the aortic aneurysm-related death burden globally. High systolic blood pressure will be the top risk factor attributed to death from AA. Therefore, it should be considered as the first-degree risk factor in the guidance of AA management and criteria for population-based screening programs.
Key messages
The death burden of aortic aneurysms is beginning to rebound globally, and the trend will continue for the next decade.
High systolic blood pressure will replace smoking as the most important risk factor associated with aortic aneurysm death.
The core−shell molecular sieve composite comprised of Cr3+ substituted AlPO4-5 (Cr-AFI) as core and Ti4+ substituted AlPO4-5 (Ti-AFI) as shell was prepared via solvothermal epitaxial growth. The presynthesized tabletlike Cr-AFI crystals were dispersed in the reaction system of Al(OPr
i
)3-H3PO4-TEA-(C4H9O)4Ti-H2O-pEG (polyethylene glycol) followed by solvothermal treatment at 170 °C. The sheetlike Ti-AFI microcrystals were epitaxially grown on the surface of the presynthesized tabletlike Cr-AFI core crystals. The growth process of the Ti-AFI microcrystals on the surface of core of Cr-AFI crystal was studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy characterization. The results demonstrate that the Ti-AFI microcrystals nucleate preferentially on the (100) basal face of the Cr-AFI core crystals. The N2 adsorption analysis shows that the channel systems of the core and shell have good communication, which may provide a good mass transport pathway for the catalytic reaction. The core−shell composite of Ti-/Cr-AFI makes it possible to combine two catalytic sites in one catalyst, which may benefit some special catalysis reactions.
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