Industry is the largest sector for energy consumption and pollution emissions in China. Thus, improving industrial ecoefficiency is necessary for China to achieve sustainable development. Based on panel data from 31 industrial sectors from 2001 to 2015, a three-stage data envelopment analysis model was used to empirically explore industrial eco-efficiency and its influencing factors from the perspective of industrial heterogeneity. The results show that the overall level of industrial eco-efficiency in China is not high, first declining and then rising during the study period. Low eco-efficiency was mainly due to low scale efficiency. After removing the influences of external environmental factors and noise, industry profit rates, ownership structures, and foreign direct investments were all significantly and positively correlated with eco-efficiency. Environmental regulations were significantly and negatively correlated, while the intensity of research and development exhibited no linear relationship. Industrial heterogeneity significantly affects eco-efficiency. Capital-intensive industries had the highest eco-efficiencies, followed by resource-intensive industries and labor-intensive industries, respectively.
This article examines the historical role and legacy of the foreign establishment in China's temporary capital Chongqing during the Chinese War of Resistance against Japan and the Second World War. This extraordinary episode, lasting from 1938 to 1946, ushered in a new era for China's foreign diplomacy and laid the foundation for its rise to world-power status. Placing Chongqing at the very heart of this epochal chapter in modern Chinese history, this article describes the major events, trends, and actors that directly or indirectly were instrumental to China's wartime transformation from a partitioned, de facto colony to a first-rate global power with a permanent seat among the ‘Big Five’. Seventy years after the end of the Second World War, this article presents fresh perspectives on a near-forgotten episode of China's war experience. Moving beyond the traditional typecasting of ‘Chungking’ as a primitive backwater in China's remote hinterland, this article reappraises wartime Chongqing as a major international centre at the spearhead of global change and as an important cradle of the modern power that China is today.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.