Mitochondrial oxidative stress and energy metabolism are vital biological events and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as apoptosis and necrosis. However, it remains unclear how the dynamic patterns of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) change in these events and, more importantly, how they affect each other. Herein, we developed a single two-photon fluorescence-lifetime-based probe (TFP), which offered real-time imaging and the simultaneous determination of mitochondrial H2O2 and ATP changes in two well-separated fluorescence channels without spectral crosstalk. The fluorescence lifetime of TFP exhibited good responses and selectivity in the detection ranges of 0.4–10 μM H2O2 and 0.5–15 mM ATP, taking advantage of accuracy and the quantitative ability of fluorescence lifetime imaging. Using this useful probe, we studied the relationship between H2O2 and ATP in mitochondria and visualized the dynamic level changes of mitochondrial H2O2 and ATP induced by the superoxide anion (O2 •–). It was discovered that O2 •– stimulation in a short period of time (8 min) temporarily changes the levels of H2O2 and ATP in mitochondria, and neurons were capable of recovering to the initial state in a short time. However, increasing time of up to 50 min of O2 •– stimulation led to permanent oxidative damage and an energy deficiency. Meanwhile, it was first found that the exogenous stimulation of O2 •– and H2O2 had different impacts on the levels of mitochondrial H2O2 and ATP, in which O2 •– demonstrated more severe and negative consequences. As a matter of fact, this work not only has provided a general molecular design methodology for multiple species imaging but also has revealed oxidative-stress-induced intracellular functions related to H2O2 and ATP in mitochondria based on this developed TFP probe.

We examined soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitriWcation rates, and soil and forest Xoor properties in one native forest: evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF), one secondary shrubs (SS), and three adjacent plantation forests: Chinese Wr plantation (CFP), bamboo plantation (BP) and waxberry groves (WG) in Tiantong National Forest Park, Eastern China. All forests showed seasonal dynamics of N mineralization and nitriWcation rates. Soil N mineralization rate was highest in EBLF (1.6 § 0.3 mg-N kg ¡1 yr ¡1 ) and lowest in CFP (0.4 § 0.1 mg-N kg ¡1 yr ¡1 ). Soil nitriWcation rate was also highest in EBLF (0.6 § 0.1 mg-N kg ¡1 yr ¡1 ), but lowest in SS (0.02 § 0.01 mg-N kg ¡1 yr ¡1 ). During forest conversion of EBLF to SS, CFP, BP and WG, soil N mineralization rate (10.7%, 73%, 40.3% and 69.8%, respectively), soil nitriWcation rate (94.9%, 32.2%, 33.9% and 39%, respectively), and soil N concentration (50%, 65.4%, 78.9% and 51.9%, respectively) declined signiWcantly. Annual soil N mineralization was positively correlated with total C and N concentrations of surface soil and total N concentration of forest Xoor, and negatively correlated with soil bulk density, soil pH and C:N ratio of forest Xoor across the Wve forests. Annual soil nitriWcation was positively correlated with total C concentration of surface soil and N concentration of forest Xoor, and negatively correlated with soil bulk density and forest Xoor mass. In contrast, annual soil nitriWcation was not correlated to pH value, total N concentration, C:N ratio of surface soil and total C concentration and C:N ratio of forest Xoor.

This study investigated the biodiversity, phylogeny, and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. A total of 940 isolates obtained were grouped into 93 morphotypes, 43 species, and 23 genera, which were authenticated by molecular identification based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. A high diversity of endophytic fungi from Z. bungeanum are observed with high species richness S (43), Margalef index D′ (6.1351), Shannon–Wiener index H′ (3.2743), Simpson diversity index Ds (0.9476), PIE index (0.9486), and evenness Pielou index J (0.8705) but a low dominant index λ (0.0524). Significant tissue specificity of the endophytic fungi was observed in Z. bungeanum, and the highest species richness and diversity indexes were obtained in the stem. Phylogenetic analyses of the 93 endophytic isolates were carried out by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method to demonstrate their evolutionary processes. Antifungal activities of endophytic fungi were assayed and eight endophytic isolates showed strong and long-lasting inhibition against host pathogenic fungi Fusarium sambucinum and Pseudocercospora zanthoxyli. Here, for the first time, we systematically demonstrate the biodiversity, phylogeny, and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi associated with Z. bungeanum and reveal the value of sampling different tissues of a given plant to obtain the greatest endophyte species diversity, which might offer a framework for further investigation and utilization of endophytic fungi as aunique source of interesting and useful bioactive compounds.

Linking temporal trends of soil nitrogen (N) transformation with shifting patterns of plants and consequently changes of litter quality during succession is important for understanding developmental patterns of ecosystem function. However, the successional direction of soil N mineralization and nitrification in relation to species shifts in the subtropical regions remains little studied. In this study, successional patterns of net soil N mineralization and nitrification rates, litter-fall, forest floor litter, fine root and soil properties were quantified through a successional sequence in the subtropical forests of eastern

Enterobacter asburiae BQ9, a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium, was shown to promote tomato plant growth and induce resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) under greenhouse conditions. Compared with mock-treated tomato plants, plants that were pretreated with BQ9 had increased fresh mass and significantly reduced disease severity and 52% biocontrol efficacy was achieved 30 days after inoculation. The expression of defense-related genes PR1a and PR1b and the H 2 O 2 burst were quickly induced in BQ9 pretreated plants. Antioxidase activity analysis showed that the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase increased significantly in BQ9 pretreated plants. Our results suggest that the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium BQ9 induced a priming of the plant defense responses to TYLCV by increasing the expression of defense response genes, and the induced resistance was mechanistically connected to the expression of antioxidant enzymes and the production of H 2 O 2 .