In this paper, we propose a novel approach to model spatial heterogeneity for epidemic spreading, which combines the relevance of transport proximity in human movement and the excellent estimation accuracy of deep neural network. We apply this model to investigate the effects of various transportation networks on the heterogeneous propagation of COVID-19 in China. We further apply it to predict the development of COVID-19 in China in two scenarios, i.e., i) assuming that different types of traffic restriction policies are conducted and ii) assuming that the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak is in Beijing, so as to illustrate the potential usage of the model in generating various policy insights to help the containment of the further spread of COVID-19. We find that the most effective way to prevent the coronavirus from spreading quickly and extensively is to control the routes linked to the epicenter at the beginning of the pandemic. But if the virus has been widely spread, setting restrictions on hub cities would be much more efficient than imposing the same travel ban across the whole country. We also show that a comprehensive consideration of the epicenter location is necessary for disease control.
As a global phenomenon, the gating form of gated community is often understood within a general context which by and large ignores the significance of the unique historical, political and socio-cultural momentums in a specific urban context. Through a historical review of the vicissitudes of gated cities, neighbourhoods and residential compounds in China and their physical evolution as well as the social change behind them, this paper endeavours to reveal that the enclosed physical forms and organizational patterns of gated community are deeply ingrained in the Chinese history of city design. Moreover, it shows that rather than exhibiting a localized version of a global process, gated community in contemporary China has its own socio-political rationale in the making. In consequence, the ingrained tradition and unique developing trajectory have a profound impact on both the visible and the invisible characteristics of gated community in China today, while the latter has eventually distinguished itself from all its predecessors in history. Based on this review, this paper concludes by arguing that any comprehensive understanding of gated community in contemporary China can only be achieved if the significance of the historical and local socio-political context is fully appreciated.
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