Kapok is the main host of Glenea cantor (Fabricius), which causes serious damage and is difficult to control. In severe cases, it often causes the kapok trees to die continuously, which seriously affects the results of urban landscaping. To provide reference for the functional research on related genes in G. cantor, we screened the stable expression of candidate reference genes at different developmental stages (i.e., eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults), in various adult tissues (i.e., head, thorax, abdomen, feet, antennae, and wings), and sexes (i.e., male pupae, female pupae, male adults, and female adults). In this study, 12 candidate reference genes (i.e., ACTINLIKE, ACTININ, TUB, RPL36, RPL32, RPS20, TBP, GAPDH, 18S rRNA, EF1A1, EF1A2, and UBQ) were evaluated using different adult tissues, developmental stages, and sexes. RefFinder, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper were used to evaluate and comprehensively analyze the stability of the expression of the candidate reference genes. The results show that RPL32 and EF1A1 were the most suitable reference genes in the different adult tissues, and RPL36 and EF1A1 were best at the different developmental stages. RPL36 and EF1A2 were the best fit for the qRT-PCR reference genes in the different sexes, while RPL36 and EF1A1 were the most appropriate qRT-PCR reference genes in all samples. Results from geNorm showed that the optimal number of reference genes was two. We also surveyed the expression of cellulase at the different developmental stages and in the different adult tissues. Results further verified the reliability of the reference genes, and confirmed the best reference genes under the different experimental conditions. This study provides a useful tool for molecular biological studies on G. cantor.
We investigated the gross and ultrastructure morphology of the mandibles, labial palpus and mandibular palpus of adult male and female Glenea cantor beetles using scanning electron microscopy. There were significant differences between males and females in the gross and ultrastructure morphology of these parts. Observation of the gross morphology of the mandible, labial palpus and mandibular palpus revealed that their lengths were significantly greater in females, which is mainly related to the oviposition mechanism. In terms of the ultrastructural morphology of the mandibles, labial palpus and mandibular palpus, seven types of sensilla were found on these parts: sensilla twig basiconica (STB I, II, III, and IV), sensilla chaetica (SCh IV and V), Böhm’s bristles (Bb), sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla trichodea (ST II), sensilla plate (SP), sensilla coeloconica (SC) and sensilla campaniformia (SCa). Females have significantly more ST I and SCh III on their mandibles than males. The mechanical sensors SCh and Bb, olfactory sensor ST II, taste sensor STB IV, and carbon dioxide sensor and temperature and humidity sensors SC, SP and SCa were significantly more developed on female than male labial and maxillary palps, which also further explained the important role of the oral appendages in oviposition behavior. These results will help us further understand the host selection and oviposition behavior of adult G. cantor and promote the information-based design of pest control methods.
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