A high beam quality, all-solid-state Nd:YAG laser system of high-repetition frequency has been built for Thomson scattering diagnosis. A 1.7 times diffraction limited output beam at a pulse energy of 5 J at 1064 nm is achieved for the first time with a pulse duration of 6.6 ns (FWHM) and a repetition rate of 200 Hz; the output energy stability is 4.9% peak-to-valley over 6000 shots.A novel pulsed laser system (Supplementary Fig. S1) with high average power and high beam quality has recently been built by Dr Zhong-Wei Fan's group at the Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Both the laser diode side-pumped rod and slab crystals are integrated into the amplifier (AMP) system. A 1.7 times diffraction-limited output beam at a pulse energy of 5 J at 1064 nm is achieved for the first time with a pulse duration of 6.6 ns (FWHM) and a repetition rate of 200 Hz; the output energy stability is 4.9% peak-to-valley over 6000 shots. The test results are shown in Figure 1a and 1b.The laser system is constructed in a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration, as shown in Figure 1c, with four components: a single-frequency seed laser, pre-amplifier unit, beam control unit, and post-amplifier unit. The pre-amplifier consists of a three-stage, side-pumped rod amplifier. The dimensions of the rod crystals are φ3 mm × 67 mm with a Nd 3+ concentration of 0.8% for AMP1 and AMP2, and φ6.35 mm × 140 mm with a Nd 3+ concentration of 0.6% for AMP3 and AMP4. The techniques of the stimulated Brillouin scattering phase-conjugate mirror (SBS-PCM) and adaptive optics are implemented in the beam control unit to correct the wavefront distortion dynamically. The postamplifier unit is composed of a three-stage, large slab amplifier. The dimensions of the slab crystals are 138 mm (L) × 35 mm (W) × 7 mm (D) with a Nd 3+ concentration of 0.6% for AMP5, AMP6 and AMP7. The single-frequency seed laser produces an output power of 8.58 μJ with a pulse duration of 33.9 ns (FWHM) at a 200-Hz repetition rate. The root-mean-square (RMS) fluctuation in pulse energy is smaller than 1% and the beam quality is better than 1.12 times diffraction limited. The seed pulses first pass through the pre-amplifier and then through the control unit, at which the beam shaping is applied. The pulse energy is amplified to 300 mJ. The pulse duration is 30.5 ns and the beam quality is better than 1.4 times diffraction-limited. After passing through the post-amplifier, the pulse energy reaches 5 J with 3.2 times diffraction limited beam quality. An adaptive optics system is applied for wavefront correction, and the beam quality is improved to 1.7 times diffraction limited.The core parts of the laser system include the single-frequency laser source, slab amplifier module with high-energy storage efficiency, and the phase-conjugated, stimulated Brillouin scattering mirror. The single-frequency source is an active Q-switching laser utilizing acousto-optic modulation. Single-longitudinalmode operation is achieved by applying a Fabry-Pérot (FP) etalo...
In laser systems, beam pointing usually drifts as a consequence of various disturbances, e.g., inherent drift, airflow, transmission medium variation, mechanical vibration, and elastic deformation. In this paper, we develop a laser beam pointing control system with Fast Steering Mirrors (FSMs) and Position Sensitive Devices (PSDs), which is capable of stabilizing both the position and angle of a laser beam. Specifically, using the ABCD matrix, we analyze the kinematic model governing the relationship between the rotation angles of two FSMs and the four degree-of-freedom (DOF) beam vector. Then, we design a Jacobian matrix feedback controller, which can be conveniently calibrated. Since disturbances vary significantly in terms of inconsistent physical characteristics and temporal patterns, great challenges are imposed to control strategies. In order to improve beam pointing control performance under a variety of disturbances, we propose a data-driven disturbance classification method by using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The trained RNN model can classify the disturbance type in real time, and the corresponding type can be subsequently used to select suitable control parameters. This approach can realize the universality of the beam stabilization pointing system under various disturbances. Experiments on beam pointing control under several typical external disturbances are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control system.
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