Air samples were collected by flasks and analyzed via a Picarro G2401 gas analyzer for carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) at the Akedala Atmospheric Background Station in Xinjiang, China, from September 2009 to December 2019, to analyze the changes in the characteristics of atmospheric CO2 and CO and determine the sources. The results show that the annual average CO2 concentration showed an increasing trend (growth rate: 1.90 ppm year−1), ranging from 389.80 to 410.43 ppm, and the annual average CO concentration also showed an increasing trend (growth rate: 1.78 ppb year−1), ranging from 136.30 to 189.82 ppb. The CO2 concentration and growth rate were the highest in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and summer. The CO concentration and growth rate were also the highest in winter due to anthropogenic emissions, ecosystem effects, and diffusion conditions. The main trajectories of CO2 and CO determined by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model were parallel to the Irtysh River valley and then passed through the Old Wind Pass. Furthermore, the main source regions of CO2 and CO at the Akedala Station were eastern Kazakhstan, southern Russia, western Mongolia, and the Xinjiang Tianshan North Slope Economic Zone of China. This study reflects the characteristics of long-term changes in CO2 and CO concentrations at the Akedala station and provides fundamental data for the studies on environmental changes and climate change in Central Asia.
Mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) ,nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and sulphur hexa uoride (SF 6 ) have been continuously measured since September 2009 at the Akdala station (47˚06′N, 87˚58′E, 563.3 masl) in China. The station is located in the Central Asia and northwest of China, and it is the only station in that region with background conditions for long-term greenhouse gas observations. Characteristics of the mole fractions, growth rates as well as in uence of long-distance transport were studied considering data from September 2009 to December 2019. The greenhouse gases concentrations at Akedala Station show a trend of year-on-year growth, with CO 2 concentrations ranging from 389.80×10 -6 to 408.79×10 -6 (molar fraction of substances, same below), CH 4 concentrations ranging from1890.07×10 -9 to 1976.32×10 -9 , N 2 O concentrations ranging from 321.26×10 -9 to 332.03×10 -9 , and SF 6 concentrations ranging from 7.04×10 -12 to 10.07×10 -12 , the growth rate of which is similar to the decadal average growth rate in the northern hemisphere. There exist obvious seasonal variations, with CO 2 concentrations showing high in winter and low in summer and CH 4 showing a distinct "W"-shaped trend while N 2 O and SF 6 showing little difference between the four seasons. A relatively strong correlation and homology exist among the four greenhouse gases except in summer, and the analysis based on backward trajectories model shows that the Akedala Station is in uenced by the air ow from northwest or southwest throughout the year. The Akedala station is an important atmospheric background station in Central Asia, and its greenhouse gas concentration levels and variation characteristics are signi cantly different from those of the background stations in the monsoon region. It's degree changes are closely related to local source emissions, monsoon transport, and atmospheric photochemical processes.
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