Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complicated pathological condition affecting thousands of people around world, many with substantial unmet medical care needs and without any effective therapies.
Two-stage acid mine drainage (AMD) neutralization residue yield is 2.57 t/t acid equivalent using limestone and lime, 15.74% less than the 3.05 t/t acid equivalent yield from single-stage, lime, neutralization residue. XRD results shows that the main residue component generated by two-stage neutralization is CaSO4•0.5H2O, with a molecular weight 15.70% lower than the CaSO4•2H2O generated in single-stage neutralization. The differing amount of gypsum crystallization water from the different neutralization processes is the main cause of the different residue yields. While the actual removal rate and pH of Fe3+ are consistent with the theory, those for Zn2+, Cu2+ and Al3+ are inconsistent with the theoretical values, the error rate increasing with increasing pH. Co-precipitation with and adsorption by Fe(OH)3, mainly generated during neutralization, are the main reasons for the difference. The cost of two-stage neutralization is 16.60% less than that of single-stage neutralization when the initial reaction pH is 3.4, but the unit cost begins to increase if the initial reaction pH is raised above 3.4. When the initial pH is 4.0, the cost of two-stage neutralization exceeds that of single-stage neutralization by 4.07%.
Although acupuncture therapy, as a preventive and therapeutic technique, is low or no risk for some cardiovascular diseases, its role in safeguarding myocardial hypertrophy (MH) has not been clarified. Therefore, this study focused on examining whether electroacupuncture (EA) can alleviate MH by up-regulating tryptophan 5-serotonin (5-HT) metabolism, depressive disorder, and gastrointestinal dysfunction in MH rat models. We evaluated the effect of EA on myocardial ischemia in the ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy (MH) rat model. Forty Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats aged 3 months were randomly divided into normal group, model group, EA group, and sham EA group with 10 rats in each group. Heart weight/body weight ratio (HW/BW) and left ventricular weight/body weight ratio (LVW/BW) were used to evaluate the regression of MH. Cardiac pathology was evaluated by ultrastructural observation and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FSW), and open-air test (OFT) were used to study depressive behavior. The gastric retention and intestinal transport were evaluated by carbon powder labeling and the expression of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex and ileum was detected by immunohistochemistry. Depression-like symptoms in rats can be relieved by EA therapy. For instance, the consumption rate of sucrose solution was higher, the total distance and central distance in the open field test were increased, and EA treatment could reduce the immobility time of these rats. Swimming, struggling and immobility latencies were also increased in the forced swimming test. After EA treatment, the expression of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex and ileum increased. Finally, we found that EA ameliorated ischemia, depression, and gastrointestinal dysfunction in ISO-induced MH rats, which may be related to 5-HT metabolism.
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Background: Acupuncture therapy has been described as a preventive and therapeutic technique with low or no risk for a number of conditions related to cardiovascular disease. However, its role in protecting against myocardial hypertrophy (MH) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) can attenuate MH by upregulating tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism, depressive disorder and gastrointestinal dysfunction in MH rats model.Methods: We assessed the anti-myocardial ischemia effects of EA by using the isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO)-induced myocardial hypertrophy (MH) rats model. Forty 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal, model, EA and sham EA groups, with ten rats in each group. Regression of MH was evaluated by ratio of heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) and ratio of left ventricular weight/body weight (LVW/BW). Ultrastructural observation and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were evaluated to cardiac pathology. The sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), and forced swim test (FSW) were conducted to examine the depression-like behavior. Gastric retention and intestinal transit were evaluated using the carbon powder labeling method, while immunohistochemical staining was used to detect 5-HT expression in the cerebral cortex and ileum.Key findings: EA therapy alleviates rats’ depression-like symptoms. For example, the rate of sucrose solution consumption was higher, the total and central distance traveled in the open field test were increased, and immobility time was decreased in these rats by EA therapy. Furthermore, swimming, struggling and latency to immobility were increased in the forced swim test as well. Expression of 5-HT was increased in the cerebral cortex and ileum after EA treatment.Conclusion: EA improved the ischemic and depressed symptoms, as well as gastrointestinal dysfunction of MH rats model induced by ISO, which may related with 5-HT metabolism.
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