Among diverse wetting phenomena in surface science, superamphiphobicity is regarded as one of the most special super-antiwetting states. In this paper, a systematic summary is presented to cover the characterization of surface wettability, the construction techniques, and selected functional applications. With respect to fabrication techniques, the following three types of technology routes, viz., "pre-texturing + post-modifying," "pre-modifying + posttexturing," and in situ one-step construction will be discussed. The merits and demerits of each technology route are discussed. It is vital to rationally design or adopt appropriate construction strategies in diverse conditions. Appropriately constructed superamphiphobic multifunctional surfaces can be applied in many fields, however, most have not been scaled-up and utilized for practical applications due to some specific difficulties required to be resolved in the future. These challenges and further outlook for super-antiwetting surfaces are discussed in this review.

Some physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase)-induced biopolymers of sodium caseinate (SC) were investigated. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion-high-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed that all components of SC were easily polymerized or transformed by MTGase to form high-molecular weight biopolymers, and the susceptibility order of individual components was κ -Casein (C) > α -C > β -C. The emulsifying properties of biopolymers depended on the incubation time with MTGase. The emulsifying activity index of biopolymers persistently increased with the MTGase (0-12 h) incubation time. The emulsion stability also increased with the incubation time ( < 4 h), then declined a little with longer incubation (4-12 h). The differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the thermal properties of the biopolymers obtained after a 12-h incubation were different from that of native SC or biopolymers obtained after a shorter incubation time ( < 4 h), suggesting that the former has higher thermal stability. In addition, the ultraviolet (UV) spectra showed that the UV absorbance (at 275 nm) of MTGase-induced biopolymers of SC decreased with an increasing incubation time with MTGase, and the maximal emission wavelength ( λ max ) slightly shifted to the "blue side." The fluorescence spectra showed that the λ max was related with incubation time with MTGase, slightly Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKJFBCJournal of Food Biochemistry0145-8884Copyright 403 shifting to the "blue side" after 4 h with no further changes; its relative fluorescence intensity also increased. These results suggest a relationship between the functionalities and structural characteristics of the MTGaseinduced biopolymers of SC.

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The 19 F NMR chemical shieldings of solid-state alkaline-earth-metal fluorides MF 2 (M ) Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and alkali-metal fluorides MF (M ) Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) were systematically studied by the gaugeindependent atomic orbital (GIAO) method at the level of density functional theory (DFT). The 6-311+G(d) basis set was used for the inspected fluoride ion. The performance of the effective core potentials (ECP) of LanL2DZ and CRENBL basis sets for metal atoms were compared to 3-21G all-electron basis set. The role of d polarization functions for metal atoms is investigated. The results show that the clusters [FMg 3 F 9 ] 4-, [FM 4 F 6 ] + (M ) Ca, Sr, Ba), and [FM 6 ] 5+ (M ) Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) used to model the bulk solids are reasonable. The electrons in the next outermost shell of metal atoms have significant influence on the 19 F NMR calculations and should be treated as valence electrons together with the electrons in the outermost shell, while the remaining electrons can be represented by the ECP of CRENBL basis set. When the CRENBL basis set (with ECP for core electrons) supplemented with two sets of d polarization functions was used for the metal atoms, the approach of locally dense basis sets can be used to successfully reproduce the 19 F shielding values. Since only the inspected resonant fluorine atom needs a high-grade all-electron basis set, it is a relatively inexpensive means of obtaining reliable shielding properties for the inspected species. In addition, the different exchangecorrelation functional implemented in hybrid DFT method has a minor influence on the calculated shielding. Although all the calculated results are somewhat overestimated, the correlation coefficients and the slopes of the fitting lines between the theoretical predictions and experimental observations are close to unity, indicating the good agreement of the theoretical results to the experimental values.