Background: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, is closely related to clinicopathological features and prognosis. However, there are few studies on the potential effects of PD-L1 on thyroid carcinoma, the incidence of which has shown an upward trend worldwide. This study aimed to explore the association between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis of thyroid cancer. Methods: An elaborate retrieval was performed using Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, WanFang databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure to determine the association between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and clinicopathological features in patients with thyroid cancer. Study selection, data extraction, risk assessment, and data synthesis were performed independently by 2 reviewers. In this meta-analysis, RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.1 were used for bias risk assessment and data synthesis. Results: After a detailed search, 2546 cases reported in 13 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The outcomes revealed that high expression of PD-L1 in patients with thyroid cancer was associated with poor DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.54–4.48, P < .00001) and OS (HR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.20–5.32, P = .01). High PD-L1 expression was associated with tumor size ≥2 cm, tumor recurrence, extrathyroidal extension, concurrent thyroiditis, unifocal tumor, and absence of psammoma body ( P < .05). Subgroup analysis showed that positive expression of PD-L1 was related to poor prognosis for DFS of non-medullary thyroid carcinoma, and the overexpression of PD-L1 in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) was related to tumor recurrence, concurrent thyroiditis, extrathyroidal extension, unifocal DTC, late stage DTC, and BRAF V600E mutation in DTC. Conclusion: PD-L1 is a significant predictor of prognosis and malignancy of thyroid cancer (especially DTC), and PD-L1 inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic option for refractory thyroid cancer in the future.
Background RLS is considered as a risk factor for migraine, but the correlation between the RLS and migraine remains controversial. To investigate the prevalence and Right-to left shunt (RLS) grade of PFO in patients with migraine (including migraine with aura and without) and assess the association between PFO and migraine. Methods Synchronous test of contrast transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE) and contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (c-TCD) was conducted in 251 patients with migraine, including 61 migraine with aura (MA) and 189 migraine without aura (MO) and 275 healthy adults. Among these patients, 25 patients with migraine and 14 healthy adults were evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Results (1). The prevalence of permanent RLS, total RLS and large RLS in migraine was significantly higher compared with controls (P = 0.042, < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). (2). Compared with controls, the positive rate of total RLS and large RLS in MO was increased (P = 0.004 and 0.022 respectively), the positive rate of permanent RLS, total RLS and large RLS in MA was also increased (P < 0.001 for each of the comparisons). The positive rate of permanent RLS and large RLS in MA was significantly higher than in MO (P = 0.004 and 0.011 respectively). (3) The presence of large-size PFO (≥ 2.0 mm) of migraine was higher than that of controls (P = 0.048). Conclusion PFO is associated with increased migraine (especially with aura), when the PFO is permanent RLS, large RLS and large-size PFO (≥ 2.0 mm).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.