With the continuous and rapid development of China's economy, Chinese has become one of the most important languages in the world, and more and more foreigners begin to learn Chinese. For Chinese teachers who teach Chinese as a foreign language, the teaching process is also a cross-cultural communication process. The Cultivation of Intercultural Communicative Competence of teachers of Chinese as a foreign Language is very important. In this process, Chinese teachers should not only have good knowledge of the language and respect the cultural awareness of both sides, but also pay attention to certain communication strategies. Only in this way can the cross-cultural teaching be carried out smoothly and a good teaching effect can be achieved.
The time-lag argument seems to put some pressure on naïve realism to agree that seeing must happen simultaneously with what is seen; meanwhile, a wide-accepted empirical fact suggests that light takes time to transmit from objects at a distance to perceivers -which implies what is seen happened before seeing, and, accordingly, naïve realism must be false.In this paper, I will, first of all, show that the time-lag argument has in fact involves a misunderstanding concept of simultaneity: according to Special Relativity, simultaneity is a matter of convention rather than a matter of fact, so, in principle, we can stipulate a perceptual conception of simultaneity, according to which what is seen is simultaneous with seeing. Secondly, the generalized time-lag argument has a mistaken view on the perceived events and perceiving; it has a doubtful assumption that these events are momentary in the mathematical sense. Such idealization is the main reason why we have the intuition that the time-lag effect of perceiving is in conflict with our ordinary perceptual experiences. Finally, I argue that the naïve realist account of the perceptual relation is a nontemporal constitutive relation; and hence naïve realism is compatible with the claim that we can perceive things as they were, and it should not be weakened by the time-lag argument.
The argument from appearance for the content view or intentionalism attracts a lot of attention recently. In my paper, I follow Charles Travis to argue against the key premise that representational content can be 'read off' from a certain way that a thing looks to a subject. My arguments are built upon Travis's original objection and a reinterpretation of Rodrick Chisholm's comparative and noncomparative uses of appearance words. Byrne, Schellenberg and others interpret Travis' 'visual looks' as Chisholm's comparative use, and appeal to the noncomparative use as an alternative to avoid Travis's objection. I demonstrate that they misunderstand both Chisholm and Travis. Both the comparative use and the noncomparative use are semantic notions, while 'visual looks' is a metaphysical one. Although Chisholm's appearance objectivism --that appearance expressions attribute appearances to ordinary objects --is close to 'visual looks', appearance objectivism is not exceptional to the noncomparative use as Byrne interprets. In the end, I also show that Byrnean's conception of distinctive visual gestalt cannot exclude contrary representational contents, because a distinctive visual gestalt can be shared by different kinds of things. Besides, Byrne and others do not explain why a distinctive visual gestalt should be presented as 'being instantiated'. Therefore, I conclude that representational content cannot be read off from a certain way that a thing looks to a subject; the argument from appearance thus fails.
Chinese prose characterizes being formally-loose and essence-focused with features such as many a free style and myriads of assorted contents, among which the poetic images and artistic conceptions are so distinct that they are usually regarded as criteria for measuring its excellence. Whereas, it is the same features that impose obstacles for the prose translation, for it is difficult for the translator to grasp the whole essence of the original text in the first place and then recreate it in the translation works in another language. Therefore, during the translating process, it is inevitable not to adopt the translators' subjectivity. And the three basic characteristics of it, namely, activeness, passiveness and purposiveness, will combine to affect the whole translating activity in one way or another. Nowadays, translation theorists both at home and abroad have conducted many studies on translators' subjectivity. Grounded on those authoritative theories, this paper will make a tentative study on Zhang Peiji's translation of Chinese modern prose writings. Professor Zhang's classics Selected Modern Chinese Prose Writings will be focused. In the main body of the paper, the demonstrations of those three features of subjectivity will be elaborated with abundant examples from the two volumes of his translation works. In particular, great attention will be paid to the function of the translator's activeness in the translation, which will be analyzed via three levels: lexical, semantic and textual. Thus, readers and translators-to-be would be better able to appreciate and draw upon those excellent translated prose.
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