Background: NDRG1 is an iron-regulated metastasis suppressor which is up-regulated by iron depletion and may be involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Results: NDRG1 is involved in the EMT through the SMAD and Wnt pathways. Conclusion: Iron chelators could inhibit the TGF--induced EMT via NDRG1. Significance: The results are important for understanding the molecular roles of iron in proliferation and metastasis.
SummaryGenes predicted to be associated with the putative proteasome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) play a critical role in defence of the bacillus against nitrosative stress. However, proteasomes are uncommon in eubacteria and it remains to be established whether Mtb's prcBA genes in fact encode a proteasome. We found that coexpression of recombinant PrcB and PrcA in Escherichia coli over a prolonged period at 37 ∞ C allowed formation of an a 7 b 7 b 7 a 7 , 750 kDa cylindrical stack of four rings in which all 14 b -subunits were proteolytically processed to expose the active site threonine. In contrast to another Actinomycete , Rhodococcus erythropolis , Mtb's b -chain propeptide was not required for particle assembly. Peptidolytic activity of the 750 kDa particle towards a hydrophobic oligopeptide was nearly two orders of magnitude less than that of the Rhodococcus 20S proteasome, and unlike eukaryotic and archaeal proteasomes, activity of the Mtb 750 kDa particle could not be stimulated by SDS, Mg 2 + or Ca 2 + . Electron microscopy revealed what appeared to be obstructed a -rings in the Mtb 750 kDa particle. Deletion of the Nterminal octapeptide from Mtb's a -chain led to disappearance of the apparent obstruction and a marked increase of peptidolytic activity. Unlike proteasomes isolated from other Actinomycetes , the open-gate Mtb mutant 750 kDa particle cleaved oligopeptides not only after hydrophobic residues but also after basic, acidic and small, neutral amino acids. Thus, Mtb encodes a broadly active, gated proteasome that may work in concert with an endogenous activator.
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