A new, simple and sensitive ion chromatography (IC) method for the determination of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and chloride in a parenteral nutrition (PN) solution was developed and validated. Before sample analysis, a sample pretreatment by calcination was applied which could totally remove interference from other constituents of the PN solution. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sodium hydroxide were used as the mobile phase for the determination of cations and anions, respectively. The calibration curves showed good correlation between analyte peak area and concentration (r2 > 0.999). Detection limits ranged from 0.0001 to 0.02 mg/L and quantification limits from 0.0002 to 0.06 mg/L. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values for repeatability and inter-day precision did not exceed 1.0% and the recoveries for all analytes were between 99.1–101.1%. The robustness was verified by using an experimental design.
Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaf (CNOL), as a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for the treatment of influenza and colds over a long history. However, the mechanism of colds related to the effects of CNOL have been little studied. In this study, the anticomplement and antitussive activities of different polarity extracts of CNOL were evaluated. Ethyl acetate extract (EAE) among different extracts not only significantly decreased cough times by 21–58% (P < 0.01), but also had anticomplement effects demonstrated by the CH50 values of 0.100 mg/ml. A total of 28 constituents (10 coumarins, 13 flavonoids and five phenolics) were identified in EAE based on the ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry technique. Eight compounds in EAE were evaluated by an ammonia‐induced cough model to reveal the antitussive mechanisms and classical anticomplement pathway. The results indicated that the antitussive effects of scopoletin, kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside and kaempferol may depend on central mechanisms and that flavonoids such as compounds of kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside and kaempferol have better anticomplementary activity than coumarins like compounds of scopolin, scopoletin and isofraxidin. Taken together, kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside and kaempferol could be important chemical markers in the present study that might be used to evaluate the quality and biological activity of CNOL.
Kalimeris indica (L) Sch‐Bip is a medicinal plant used by the Miao ethnic group in the Guizhou province of China. It is widely used as a fresh vegetable to treat colds, diarrhea and gastric ulcers. However, few studies have been conducted on the mechanism of its effect on colds, and its quality control. The anticomplement and antitussive activities of different polar extracts of K. indica were evaluated. Fifty‐nine compounds, mainly including phenols and flavonoids, were identified in K. indica extract by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. A method was established through ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array to simultaneously determine the anticomplement and antitussive activity of five compounds in K. indica combining chemical identification with chemometrics for discrimination and quality assessment. Also, 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid exhibited significantly higher anticomplementary activity than the other three compounds. The quantitative data were further analyzed by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least‐squares discriminant analysis. Heatmap visualization was conducted to clarify the distribution of the major compounds in different geographical origins. Screening pharmacological activities by a combination of chemometrics and chemical identification might be an effective method for the quality control of K. indica.
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