Brassinosteroids (BR) regulate plant tolerance to salt stress but the mechanisms underlying are not fully understood. This study was to investigate physiological mechanisms of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR)'s impact on salt stress tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The grass seedlings were treated with EBR at 0, 10, and 100 nM, and subjected to salt stress (250 mM NaCl). The grass irrigated with regular water without EBR served as the control. Salt stress increased leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced photosynthetic rate (Pn). Exogenous EBR reduced EL and MDA, increased Pn, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs). The EBR applications also alleviated decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity when compared to salt treatment alone. Salt stress increased leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) content but reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and salicylic acid (SA). Exogenous EBR at 10 nm and 100 nM increased ABA, and iPA content under salt stress. The EBR treatment at 100 nM also increased leaf IAA, ZR, JA, and SA. In addition, EBR treatments increased leaf proline and ions (K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) content, and reduced Na+/K+ in leaf tissues. The results of this study suggest that EBR treatment may improve salt stress tolerance by increasing the level of selected hormones and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity, promoting accumulation of proline and ions (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in perennial ryegrass.
Background Diabetic nephropathy is a predominant cause of renal failure, which is an important chronic complication of diabetes. Pyridoxamine (PM) has been reported to protect renal tubular epithelial cells against oxidative damage and delay or inhibit the development and generation of glucose-induced renal insufficiency at the early stage of disease. In this study, we attempted to explore the protection mechanism of PM on human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) induced by high glucose. Material/Methods HK-2 cells were cultivated by high glucose medium in the absence or presence of PM. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to investigate the most appropriate drug concentration of PM by detecting the cell viability of HK-2 cells. The expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1, LC-3II, and p62 was measured by western blot analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and immunofluorescence. The expression and localization of Beclin-1 and p62 were also detected via immunofluorescence. The intracellular reactive oxygen species generation was detected using the reactive oxygen species assay kit. The effects of PM on antioxidant defenses were evaluated with glutathione peroxidase (GPx), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity, and glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio. Results High glucose levels were able to upregulate the expression of oxidative stress associated protein and inhibit autophagy-associated changes verified by western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. Administration of PM reversed the high glucose-induced low-expressed Beclin-1 and LC-3II, and overexpressed p62 and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Furthermore, non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses and enzymatic antioxidant defenses were turned on by the application of PM. Conclusions Treatment with PM could reverse high glucose-induced inhibition of autophagy and oxidative stress.
Abstract:Northwest Shanxi is located at the eastern border of the Loess Plateau. In order to guard against wind, to conserve water and soil, to fix sand, a large area of Caragana microphylla was planted in the hilly loess plateau in the north-west soil properties and ultimately soil quality, a case study was conducted in Wuzhai (North-west Shanxi Province). Soil samples were collected from adjacent Caragana microphylla land, farm land, poplar forests, fallow land and mixed plantations of Caragana microphylla and poplar. Initially, soil properties under the five land-uses were studied separately. Then an evaluation indicator system was developed according to the principle of evaluation indicator selection. Subsequently, the method of multivariate analysis was used to carry through a complete scientific evaluation. Results showed a highest under the mixed plantation and, compared with the mixed plantation,the SQI of farmland decreased greatly. The SQI of fallow land was the lowest, but considering the soil nutrient content, land fallowing improved soil fertility to some extent. It was further shown that growing Caragana microphylla and mixed polar and Caragana microphylla plantation was the most sustainable ways of developing the loess plateau.
To understand the protective roles of salicylic acid (SA) under high light, we investigated oxidative damage of Arabidopsis thaliana under high light in the presence or absence of SA. The results indicate that the high light led to an increase in the levels of proline, soluble sugars, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage, and a decrease in stomatal conductance (gs). Activities of six antioxidant enzymes increased significantly under the high light for 1 h. However, the high light for 3 h decreased the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. In addition, we found that exogenous SA effectively improved antioxidant enzyme activities and significantly alleviated ROS accumulation and cell death in A. thaliana under the high light. Therefore, our results show that the high light caused a severe oxidative damage, and SA effectively alleviated the adverse effects of the high light on the plants by regulating the antioxidative defense system.
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