Background Elevated lipoprotein (a) is recognized as a risk factor for incident cardiovascular events in the general population and established cardiovascular disease patients. However, there are conflicting findings on the prognostic utility of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in CAD patients. Methods and results A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted until April 16, 2019. Observational studies reporting the prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) level for cardiac events (cardiac death and acute coronary syndrome), cardiovascular events (death, stroke, acute coronary syndrome or coronary revascularisation), cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality in CAD patients were included. Pooled multivariable adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest vs. the lowest lipoprotein (a) level were utilized to calculate the prognostic value. Seventeen studies enrolling 283,328 patients were identified. Meta-analysis indicated that elevated lipoprotein (a) level was independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac events (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.31–2.42) and cardiovascular events (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.17–1.42) in CAD patients. However, elevated lipoprotein (a) level was not significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.43; 95% CI 0.94–2.18) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.35; 95% CI 0.93–1.95). Conclusions Elevated lipoprotein (a) level is an independent predictor of cardiac and cardiovascular events in CAD patients. Measurement of lipoprotein (a) level has potential to improve the risk stratification among patients with CAD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1092-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A carbon solid acid with large surface area (CSALA) was prepared by partial carbonization of H3PO4 pre-treated peanut shells followed by sulfonation with concentrated H2SO4. The structure and acidity of CSALA were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), 13C cross polarization (CP)/magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), titration, and elemental analysis. The results demonstrated that the CSALA was an amorphous carbon material with a surface area of 387.4 m2/g. SO3H groups formed on the surface with a density of 0.46 mmol/g, with 1.11 mmol/g of COOH and 0.39 mmol/g of phenolic OH. Densities of the latter two groups were notably greater than those observed on a carbon solid acid (CSA) with a surface area of 10.1 m2/g. The CSALA catalyst showed better performance than the CSA for the hydrolysis of cyclohexyl acetate to cyclohexanol. Under optimal reaction conditions, cyclohexyl acetate conversion was 86.6% with 97.3% selectivity for cyclohexanol, while the results were 25.0% and 99.4%, respectively, catalyzed by CSA. The high activity of the CSALA could be attributed to its high density of COOH and large surface area. Moreover, the CSALA showed good reusability. Its catalytic activity decreased slightly during the first two cycles due to the leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-containing SO3H groups, and then remained constant during following uses.

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Ceria in nanoscale with different morphologies, rod, tube and cube, were prepared through a hydrothermal process. The structure, morphology and textural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and isothermal N2 adsorption-desorption. Ceria with different morphologies were evaluated as catalysts for CO oxidation. CeO2 nanorods showed superior activity to the others. When space velocity was 12,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1, the reaction temperature for 90% CO conversion (T90) was 228 °C. The main reason for the high activity was the existence of large amounts of easily reducible oxygen species, with a reduction temperature of 217 °C on the surface of CeO2 nanorods. Another cause was their relatively large surface area.

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The solubility of theobromine and theophylline in seven pure imidazolium-based ionic liquids, including 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C 4 mim]BF 4 ), 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C 4 mim]PF 6 ), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C 4 mim]NO 3 ), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C 6 mim]BF 4 ), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C 6 mim]PF 6 ), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C 6 mim]NO 3 ), and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C 8 mim]BF 4 ), were measured via a static method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography between T = 303.15−353.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The solubility of theobromine and theophylline in the selected ionic liquids increased as the temperature increased. Both cations and anions in the ionic liquids affected the solubility, but anions had a more pronounced effect than the cations with a trend of NO 3 − > BF 4 − > PF 6 − . The simplified dual-parameter equation, the Apelblat empirical equation, and the λh equation were used to correlate the experimentally determined solubility of theobromine and theophylline in the investigated ionic liquids and exhibited good agreement.

TiO 2 with a disc-like morphology was prepared by direct pyrolysis of a titanium metal-organic framework ] in air. Highly dispersed bimetallic AgPd nanoparticles were then anchored on TiO 2 and their catalytic performance in the dehydrogenation of formic acid was systematically investigated. The Ag/Pd ratio had a significant effect on the catalyst activity, with Ag 2 Pd 8 /TiO 2 exhibiting the highest total turnover fre-quency value of 2579 h À 1 at 60 °C under an ambient atmosphere. This excellent performance was attributed to the lowcrystallinity anatase phase structure and large specific surface area of the TiO 2 carrier, the alloying effect of the AgPd nanoparticles, and abundant electron transfer between the carrier and metal alloy nanoparticles.

Schematic representation of formation of Pd/CeO2-T.