Background: Skeletal muscle-derived myokines modulate metabolic, inflammatory, and other processes. Results: Myonectin, a novel myokine whose expression and circulating levels are regulated by diet, metabolic state, and exercise, functions to control lipid metabolism. Conclusion: Myonectin is a potential nutrient-responsive metabolic regulator secreted by muscle. Significance: Myonectin links muscle to systemic lipid metabolism via its action on adipocytes and hepatocytes, providing insight into complex tissue cross-talk.
Adipose tissue-derived adipokines play important roles in controlling systemic insulin sensitivity and energy balance. Our recent efforts to identify novel metabolic mediators produced by adipose tissue have led to the discovery of a highly conserved family of secreted proteins, designated as C1q/TNFrelated proteins 1-10 (CTRP1 to -10). However, physiological functions regulated by CTRPs are largely unknown. Here we provide the first in vivo functional characterization of CTRP3. We show that circulating levels of CTRP3 are inversely correlated with leptin levels; CTRP3 increases with fasting, decreases in diet-induced obese mice with high leptin levels, and increases in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. A modest 3-fold elevation of plasma CTRP3 levels by recombinant protein administration is sufficient to lower glucose levels in normal and insulin-resistant ob/ob mice, without altering insulin or adiponectin levels. The glucose-lowering effect in mice is linked to activation of the Akt signaling pathway in liver and a marked suppression of hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression. Consistent with its effects in mice, CTRP3 acts directly and independently of insulin to regulate gluconeogenesis in cultured hepatocytes. In humans, alternative splicing generates two circulating CTRP3 isoforms differing in size and glycosylation pattern. The two human proteins form hetero-oligomers, an association that does not require interdisulfide bond formation and appears to protect the longer isoform from proteolytic cleavage. Recombinant human CTRP3 also reduces glucose output in hepatocytes by suppressing gluconeogenic enzyme expression. This study provides the first functional evidence linking CTRP3 to hepatic glucose metabolism and establishes CTRP3 as a novel adipokine.As the largest endocrine organ, adipose tissue secretes many bioactive molecules that circulate in blood, collectively termed adipokines (1). These proteins include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), omentin, and vaspin (2-7). Adipokines play important roles in energy homeostasis; their circulating levels are often dysregulated in conditions of obesity and/or diabetes (1). Adiponectin, the most highly expressed and intensely studied adipokine, has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties (8). Allelic polymorphisms and reduced plasma adiponectin levels are tightly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (8). A large body of evidence implicates adiponectin as a major insulin-sensitizing adipokine as well as an important biomarker and therapeutic target for obesity-associated metabolic diseases (1, 8). However, variable and relatively mild metabolic dysfunctions in adiponectin knock-out mice suggest the existence of additional metabolic regulators sharing overlapping function with adiponectin (9 -12). Our efforts to identify such mediators produced by adipose tissue have led to the discovery of a highly conserved family of secreted proteins, designated as C1q/TNF-related proteins 1-10 (CTRP1 to -10) (...
Background: Adipose tissue-derived adipokines play important roles in regulating insulin sensitivity. Results: CTRP12 is a hormone down-regulated in the obese state and up-regulated by an insulin-sensitizing drug. CTRP12 improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in mice via multiple mechanisms. Conclusion: CTRP12 is a novel anti-diabetic adipokine. Significance: CTRP12 is a new component of the metabolic circuitry that links adipose tissue to systemic glucose homeostasis.
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