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Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved RNA decay mechanism that has emerged as a potent cell-intrinsic restriction mechanism of retroviruses and positive-strand RNA viruses. However, whether NMD is capable of restricting DNA viruses is not known. The DNA virus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we demonstrate that NMD restricts KSHV lytic reactivation. Leveraging high-throughput transcriptomics we identify NMD targets transcriptome-wide in PEL cells and identify host and viral RNAs as substrates. Moreover, we identified an NMD-regulated link between activation of the unfolded protein response and transcriptional activation of the main KSHV transcription factor RTA, itself an NMD target. Collectively, our study describes an intricate relationship between cellular targets of an RNA quality control pathway and KSHV lytic gene expression, and demonstrates that NMD can function as a cell intrinsic restriction mechanism acting upon DNA viruses.

In this paper, constructal optimization of the twice Y-shaped assemblies of fins with six freedom degrees (characteristic parameters of geometry) is performed by employing finite element method and taking dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as a performance index, and the heat transfer performance of the twice Y-shaped assemblies of fins under various conditions with different freedom degrees are analyzed. The results show that the twice assemblies can improve the heat transfer performance of Y-shaped fin remarkably, and the minimum maximum thermal resistance of the twice Y-shaped assemblies of fins decreases by 36.37% compared with that of once Y-shaped assembly of fins. It is also proved again that the larger the number of freedom degrees for evolving is, the more perfect the system performance is. The effects of different characteristic parameters of geometry on the performance of the twice Y-shaped assemblies of fins are different, one should pay different attention to these parameters in practical engineering designs. The effects of two angles on the maximum thermal resistance are larger, but the optima of the two angles are robust. The effects of two height ratios on the maximum thermal resistance are more remarkable than those of two thickness ratios.constructal theory, fin, multi-scale, enhanced heat transfer, generalized thermodynamic optimization Citation:Xie Z H, Chen L G, Sun F R. Constructal optimization of twice Y-shaped assemblies of fins by taking maximum thermal resistance minimization as objective.

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A fingerprinting and quantifying method is developed for the quality evaluation of Flos Sophorae Immaturus by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.

Abstract:Combining modern thermodynamics theory branches, including finite time thermodynamics or entropy generation minimization, constructal theory and entransy theory, with metallurgical process engineering, this paper provides a new exploration on generalized thermodynamic optimization theory for iron and steel production processes. The theoretical core is to thermodynamically optimize performances of elemental packages, working procedure modules, functional subsystems, and whole process of iron and steel production processes with real finite-resource and/or finite-size constraints with various irreversibilities toward saving energy, decreasing consumption, reducing emission and increasing yield, and to achieve the comprehensive coordination among the material flow, energy flow and environment of the hierarchical process systems. A series of application cases of the theory are reviewed. It can provide a new angle of view for the iron and steel production processes from thermodynamics, and can also provide some guidelines for other process industries.

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