Background/Objective Internalized occupational stigma may develop in physicians as a result of their identification with the public negative labels and stereotypes about them, and then internalization of them as a part of their self-concept. This study aims to develop the Physician Internalized Occupational Stigma Scale (PIOSS) and to examine its reliability and validity. Methods In study 1, the initial scale was used to investigate 356 physicians. While in study 2, a total of 346 physicians were investigated with the survey tools named the PIOSS, the Career Commitment Scale (CCS), the Workplace Well-Being Scale (WWBS), the Scale for the Doctor with Patient-doctor Relationship (DDPRQ-10), the Intent to Leave Scale (ILS) and the Occupational Disidentification Scale (ODS). Results The PIOSS includes 19 items divided into 3 dimensions: label identification, status loss, and career denial. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) reveal that the three-factor model fitted well ( χ 2 /df=2.574, RMSEA= 0.068, CFI= 0.931, IFI= 0.931, TLI= 0.919, PNFI= 0.762, PCFI= 0.795). The PIOSS total and each dimension scores were significantly negatively correlated with the CCS and the WWBS scores and remarkably positively associated with the DDPRQ-10, the ILS, and the ODS scores. Cronbach’s α coefficients for the PIOSS total scale and dimensions ranged from 0.775 to 0.914, and split-half reliability coefficients ranged from 0.801 to 0.931. In addition, the PIOSS exhibited cross-gender invariance. Conclusion Having good reliability and validity, the PIOSS can serve as a valid tool for the assessment of physician internalized occupational stigma.
Introduction Occupational stigma toward nurses exerts a negative impact on the physical and mental health and work performance of nurses. However, hitherto, there has been no quantitative instrument designed to assess occupational stigma toward nurses. Objective The present study aimed to develop the Nurse Occupational Stigma Scale (NOSS) and test its reliability and validity in the Chinese context. Methods The items of the scale were formed through the open-ended interview and literature review. A questionnaire survey was administered among 765 patients using NOSS and the Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI-24). Results In the initial questionnaire, a total of 21 items were developed, and 5 items were dropped for cross-loadings. The formal scale consists of 16 items divided into three dimensions of negative label, nurse-patient relationship, and devaluation and discrimination. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the three-factor model fitted well ( χ 2 /df=2.635, RMSEA=0.064, RFI=0.926, CFI=0.962, NFI=0.941, IFI=0.953). The total scores of the NOSS and the scores of all dimensions were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of the CBI-24. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale and all dimensions were between 0.827–0.920, and the split-half reliability coefficients were between 0.826–0.942. The NOSS had the measurement invariance across gender. Conclusion With its good reliability and validity, the NOSS can be an appropriate instrument for researchers to conduct studies about nurse occupational stigma.
Background and Aim: It is particularly obvious that vocational and technical education (VTE) has been stigmatized for a long time in the field of secondary vocational education. The severe stigma that secondary vocational students suffer from may negatively affect junior high school students' choice to attend secondary vocational schools and become such students. This study aims to develop the junior high school students to Secondary Vocational Students Stigma Scale (SVSSS) and to test its reliability and validity. Methods: The initial questionnaire was formed following an open-ended questionnaire and expert review based on the conceptual model of stigma as a theoretical framework. A total of 316 junior high school students (sample 1) were administered with the resulting data subjected to item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). And a total of 416 junior high school students (sample 2) were administered with the data applied for validity, reliability, and cross-group invariance test. Results: It was revealed in the EFA that the SVSSS consists of 20 items in total, including three dimensions, namely negative labeling, social isolation, and devaluation and discrimination. Favorable structural validity of the questionnaire was demonstrated in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (x 2 /df=2.907, RMSEA=0.068, RFI=0.925, CFI=0.956, NFI=0.934, IFI=0.956, PNFI=0.816, PCFI=0.835). The aggregate scores of the SVSSS, exhibiting cross-gender invariance, were significantly negatively associated with willingness to choose secondary vocational education and positively correlated with academic performance. Cronbach's α coefficient of the SVSSS and each dimension ranged from 0.815 to 0.963, with split-half reliability from 0.777 to 0.969. Conclusion:Featuring favorable reliability and validity, the SVSSS was found to be an effective tool for the measurement of the secondary vocational education stigma among junior high school students, with its measurement invariance across genders.
Introduction The Brief Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BBIS) can be used in large scale rapid assessments and improves data quality while reducing subject response burden. It has been verified to have good reliability and cross-cultural consistency in multiple countries. However, there are no tests of impulsivity for the Chinese married population. Aim To investigate the applicability of the BBIS among the Chinese married population. Methods The BBIS was administered to 664 married middle-aged adults (sample 1) for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and to 758 married middle-aged adults (sample 2) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). At the same time, the trait anger scale (TAS), the quality marriage index (QMI) and the emotion reactivity scale (ERS) are selected as the calibration standards to test the correlation validity of the calibration standards. Results BBIS includes 8 items, which are composed of two dimensions of poor self-control and behavioral impulsivity; the two dimensions explained 68.10% of the total variance. CFA demonstrated that the fit index of the two-factor structure of the scale was good ( χ 2 /df =2.315, RMSEA=0.042, RFI=0.971, CFI=0.989, NFI=0.982, IFI=0.990). The internal consistency reliability of each dimension and total scores were 0.824, 0.826 and 0.787, respectively. Total BBIS scores were significantly positively correlated with trait anger and emotional reactivity, and showed a significant negative correlation with marital quality. The Chinese version of BBIS had measurement equivalence between men and women. Conclusion The BBIS has good reliability and validity in the Chinese married population, and the measurement results can be compared across groups between different genders, which can be used as a suitable tool for impulse related research.
Background/Objective Physicians’ occupational stigma could eradicate physician-patient trust, threatening physicians’ social status and occupational reputation. Hitherto, there has been no scale obtaining good psychometric properties to assess patients’ stigma toward physicians. The present study aimed to develop the Patient toward Physician Occupational Stigma Scale (PPOSS) and examine its reliability and validity. Methods The questionnaire comprising sociodemographic information and the PPOSS were employed to survey 645 Chinese patients in two phases. In Sample 2, the Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale (WFOTS), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12), and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) were tested. Results The PPOSS includes 19 items subsumed into three dimensions of stereotype, discrimination, and prejudice. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the three-factor model fitted well (χ 2 /df=2.065, RMSEA=0.057, SRMR=0.045, RFI=0.904, CFI=0.956, IFI=0.956, PNFI=0.779, PCFI=0.811). The PPOSS was significantly negatively correlated with the WFOTS, and significantly positively correlated with the IUS-12 and the BIPQ. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the total scale and each dimension were between 0.87 and 0.94, and the split-half reliability coefficients were between 0.84 and 0.93. Besides, the PPOSS had the measurement invariance across gender. Conclusion With its satisfactory psychometric properties, the PPOSS can be used as an effective instrument to assess patients’ stigma toward physicians.
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