Background Gut and oral microbes form complex communities and play key roles in co-evolution with their hosts. However, little is understood about the bacterial community in lizards. Results In this study, we investigated the gut and oral bacterial communities in Japalura sensu lato from Sichuan Province, China, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that Bacteroidota (36.5%) and Firmicutes (32.8%) were the main phyla in the gut, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota were the dominant phyla in the oral cavity. 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis of fecal samples showed that: (1) Bacteroidota was the most abundant in Japalura sensu lato, which was different from the bacterial community of insectivorous animals; (2) Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Fusobacteriota, and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant phylum in Japalura sensu lato. (3) Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in Japalura sensu lato and other domestic insectivorous lizards (Shinisaurus crocodilurus, Phrynocephalus vlangalii, and Takydromus septentrionalis); (4) Comparing with the bacterial community of Shinisaurus crocodilurus, Phrynocephalus vlangalii, Takydromus septentrionalis, Liolaemus parvus, L. ruibali, and Phymaturus williamsi, Desulfobacterota was uniquely present in the gut of Japalura sensu lato. 16 S rRNA sequencing of oral samples showed that Chloroflexi and Deinococcota phyla were enriched in the oral cavity, which may have a significant influence on living in extreme environments. Conclusions Thus, based on 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis of the community composition of the gut and oral microbiomes, this study firstly represents a foundation for understanding the gut and oral microbial ecology of Japalura sensu lato, and constitutes a detail account of the diversity of the microbiota inhabiting the gut and oral cavity of Japalura sensu lato. Further researches will continue to reveal how gut and oral microbial communities may be impacting the ecology and evolution of lizards.
Background According to differences in antigens and genetic composition, canine coronavirus (CCoV) consists of two genotypes, CCoV-Ⅰ and CCoV-Ⅱ. Recently, CCoVs with mutant variations have been found to be pantropic and pathogenic in dogs. Results In this study, we isolated a CCoV, designated HLJ-071, from a dead 5-week-old female Welsh Corgi with severe diarrhea and vomiting. Sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-071 bears a complete ORF3abc when compared with classic CCoV isolates (1–71, K378 and S378). In addition, a variable region was located between the S gene and the open reading frames (ORF) 3a gene, in which HLJ-071 has a deletion of 104 nucleotides (nts) when compared with classic CCoV strains 1–71, S378 and K378. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene and complete sequences showed that HLJ-071 is closely related to Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) II. Recombination analysis suggested that HLJ-071 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79-1683, FCoV DF2 and CCoV A76. Finally, cell tropism experiments suggested that HLJ-071 is able to replicate in canine macrophages/monocytes. Conclusion The present study involved the isolation and genetic characterization of a variant CCoV strain. The spike protein and ORF3abc of CCoV might play a key role in viral tropism, which could affect replication in monocyte/macrophage cells. This will provide essential information for further understanding the evolution of CCoV in China.
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