Studying the interaction between the upper ocean and the typhoons is crucial to improve our understanding of heat and momentum exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. In recent years, the upper ocean responses to typhoons have received considerable attention. The sea surface cooling (SSC) process has been repeatedly discussed. In the present work, case studies were examined on five strong and super typhoons that occurred in 2016-LionRock, Meranti, Malakas, Megi, and Chaba-to search for more evidence of SSC and new features of typhoons' impact on sea surface features. Monitoring data from the Central Meteorological Observatory, China, sea surface temperature (SST) data from satellite microwave and infrared remote sensing, and sea level anomaly (SLA) data from satellite altimeters were used to analyze the impact of typhoons on SST, the relationship between SSC and pre-existing eddies, the distribution of cold and warm eddies before and after typhoons, as well as the relationship between eddies and the intensity of typhoons. Results showed that: (1) SSC generally occurred during a typhoon passage and the degree of SSC was determined by the strength and the translation speed of the typhoon, as well as the pre-existing sea surface conditions. Relatively lower sea level (or cold core eddy) favors causing intense SSC; (2) After a typhoon passed, the SLA obviously decreased along with the SSC. The pre-existing positive SLAs or warm eddies decreased or disappeared during the typhoon's passage, whereas negative SLAs or cold eddies were enhanced. It is suggested that the presence of warm eddies on the path has intensified the typhoons; (3) A criterion based on the ratio of local inertial period to application time of the typhoon wind-forcing was raised to dynamically distinguish slow-and fast-moving typhoons. And subcritical (slow-moving) situations were found in the LionRock case at its turning points where a cold core eddy was generated by long-time forcing. Moreover, the LionRock developed into a super typhoon due to reduced negative feedback when it was stalling over a comparably warmer sea surface. Therefore, the distinctive LionRock case is worthy of further discussion.2 of 18 ocean and the atmosphere. Improving our understanding of typhoon-ocean interactions is required to formulate more accurate typhoon predictions [2][3][4][5][6].During a typhoon, one of the most remarkable responses of the ocean is a significant reduction in sea surface temperature (SST) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], known as sea surface cooling (SSC). The observed drop in SST could vary tremendously from about 2 • C [11] to even 11 • C [10]. Typhoon-generated SSC and current velocity increases are often strongly rightward-biased [7,[15][16][17], and shifts toward the typhoon track at depths exceeding roughly 100 m [18][19][20]. However, the left side of the typhoon track may also experience significant SSC due to intense precipitation [21,22]. The degree of SSC is generally thought to be determined by the intensity and translation speed o...
Studying the interaction between the upper ocean and the typhoons is crucial to improve our understanding of heat and momentum exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. In recent years, the upper ocean responses to typhoons have received considerable attention. The sea surface cooling (SSC) process has been repeatedly discussed. In the present work, case studies were examined on five strong and super typhoons that occurred in 2016-LionRock, 1610; Meranti, 1614; Malakas, 1616; Megi, 1617; and Chaba 1618-to search for more evidence and new features of typhoon's impact on the sea surface environment. The typhoon monitoring data from the Central Meteorological Observatory, the sea surface temperature (SST) data from satellite microwave and infrared remote sensing, and the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data from satellite altimeters were used to analyze in detail: the SSC features caused by typhoons, the relationship between the SSC and the typhoon travelling speed, and the variations in cold and warm eddies during typhoon passage. Results showed that: (1) SSC generally occurred during typhoon passage and the degree of SSC was always determined by the strength and the travelling speed of the typhoon, as well as the initial SST. (2) One day before or on the day of typhoon passage, the SSHA slightly increased due to low surface pressure. After the typhoon passed, the SSHA obviously decreased along with the SSC. The pre-existing positive SSHAs, which always represent warm eddies, decreased or disappeared during typhoon passage, whereas negative SSHAs or cold eddies were enhanced. (3) New cold eddies were generated, especially at the turning points of the typhoon path. The presence of warm eddies is suggested to have a strengthening effect on the typhoons.
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