serious concern compared with other commercial solar cells. Moreover, experiments show that PSCs degrade quickly on timescales of minutes when exposed to both light and oxygen. In other words, the decomposition is extremely aggravated under both O 2 atmosphere and light illumination, [3] which becomes an urgent and necessary issue to be solved for employing the PSCs in practical conditions. Misra demonstrated that oxygen prefers to adhere to the perovskite surface by Van der Waals force [4] and causes electron transfer from the perovskite surface to oxygen and form super oxides. [5] The perovskite crystal is decomposed when O 2 binds to vacancies and the PbI bond is broken, drastically leading to the degradation of the perovskite film. [6] When the device is illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) illumination in the O 2 atmosphere, the following degradation process will occur [7] : lights supply energy to oxidate I − to form I 0 and the corresponding free electrons from I − combine with O 2 to form radicals O 2 − , which snatch protons from CH 3 NH 3 + . Then, the volatile CH 3 NH 3 from A site organic cation can easily escape from the perovskite crystal structure. The escaped I − and organic cations lead to the vast collapse of the ABX 3 framework and irreversible degradation of PSCs. Therefore, the harsh condition of both UV light illumination and O 2 atmosphere can extremely expedite the rates of the degradation process.On the other hand, tremendous traps are formed during the solution process and prefer to assemble at grain boundaries (GBs) of the perovskite, leading to the formation of serious nonradiative recombination centers [8] and much more vulnerable perovskite films resisting the invasion of H 2 O and oxygen. Additionally, the grain-boundary defects could supply a shortcut to accelerate ion migration of I − , leading to perovskite phase segregation and device hysteresis issues. [9] Moreover, the pinholes on the surface make direct contraction between the hole transport layer (HTL) and the electron transport layer, inducing detrimental leakage currents in the PSCs. Therefore, dealing with the GB traps is also an essential issue to attain both high PCE and stable stability of the target PSCs. Previous works demonstrate small organic additives such as O-donor 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, Currently, the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is closely linked to undermined defects in the perovskite, and the correct approach to ensure stability under practical conditions is still in dispute. Therefore, natural, healthy, and low-cost additives are expected to not only reduce the trap sites but also drastically improve stability. In this work, the natural antioxidant additive lycopene extracted from tomatoes is introduced into PSCs. The results indicate that lycopene can passivate the grain boundaries, improve the crystallinity, reduce trap density, and facilitate the α phase formation of perovskite at room temperature. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is considerably improved fr...
The passivation effect of inorganic perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) is a promising method to attain outstanding performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which has ignited widespread interest recently. Lanthanides (Ln) doped PQDs demonstrate unique properties, but nevertheless, are not explored in PSCs. In this work, four kinds of Ln3+ doped CsPbBrCl2 PQDs (Ln3+ = Yb3+, Ce3+, Eu3+, Sm3+) are firstly introduced into PSCs, which displays the synergistic effect of composition engineering and defect engineering. The results indicate that the introduction of CsPbBrCl2: Ln3+ can not only improve the crystallinity and passivate the intrinsic and surface defects of the MAPbI3 layer through ion and ligand passivation, but also form a stronger LnI bond than PbI, adjust work function (WF), and optimize band alignments. CsPbBrCl2:Sm3+ PQDs possess the best performance and exhibit remarkable promotions of open‐circuit voltage (Voc) from 1.13 to 1.20 V and power conversion efficiency from 18.54% to 22.52%. The humid‐resist, thermal‐resist abilities, and the long‐term stability of PSCs are energetically improved due to enhanced structure stability by Sm3+ doping and the hydrophobic characteristic. The strategy of Ln3+ doped PQDs applied to PSCs provide an approach to achieve high‐performance PSCs.
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