Background Increased folic acid has been found to be latently protective against gynecological infection, including several kinds of vaginosis. In this study, we laid emphasis on whether RBC (Red Blood Cell) folate was associated with the infectious ratio of Trichomonas vaginalis, a kind of anaerobic parasitic protozoan. Methods We set RBC folate as the exposure variable and Trichomonas vaginalis as the outcome variable. Other subsidiary variables were regarded as covariates that may work as potential effect modifiers. The cross-sectional study was conducted with two merged waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2004, and a sample of 1274 eligible women (1212 negative and 62 positive in Trichomonas vaginalis infection) was integrated for the exploration of the association between RBC folate and Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Multivariate regression analyses, subgroup analyses, and subsequent smooth curve fittings were conducted to estimate the relationship between RBC folate and Trichomonas vaginalis in women. Results In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, a negative association was observed between stratified RBC folate status and Trichomonas vaginalis infection with all confounders adjusted. Referencing the lowest RBC folate concentration quartile, the higher concentration quartiles reported a relatively lower infection ratio, while there was a weak correlation between total RBC folate concentration and T. vaginalis (Trichomonas vaginalis) infection. In subgroup analyses stratified by BMI and age, this association was only found significant in high age and BMI groups. Conclusions The cross-sectional study indicated a negative association between RBC folic acid and Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and latent effects of BMI and age on the association were also found.
Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, coffee consumption has been growing in the United States over the past 20 years. Periodontitis is defined by the pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and destruction of the connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone loss and is related to different systemic diseases and conditions. However, the causality has remained unclarified, thus we regarded discovering the causal relationship between coffee consumption and the infection risk of periodontitis as the objective of the study. Methods: Coffee consumption was subdivided into binary coffee consumption and continuous coffee consumption to refine the study design. Genetic instruments were stretched from the MRC-IEU (MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit)analysis on the UK Biobank, the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions in Dental Endpoints (GLIDE) project, and the joint meta-analysis of a recent GWAS. The IVW (Inverse Variance Weighted) method, MR-Egger regression, and Weighted Median method were introduced to estimate the causality, a scatter plot revealed the intuitive result, and a Leave-One-Out plot was used to test the stability. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy analyses were also conducted to test outlier SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms). Results: An effect of continuous coffee consumption on the risk of periodontitis was found (IVW: OR = 1.0104, 95%CI: 1.0016-1.0193, P = 0.0212; MR-Egger: OR = 1.0004, 95%CI: 0.9753-1.0303, P = 0.98; Weighted Median: OR = 1.0077, 95%CI: 0.9963-1.0191, P = 0.19), while the effect of binary coffee consumption on periodontitis did not meet the requirement of indicating a strong causal association, neither were the reverse causality analyses. Conclusions: The study indicated the causality of continuous coffee consumption to the risk of periodontitis with no strong evidence for an effect of binary coffee-consuming behavior on periodontitis. There was also no intensive evidence suggesting reverse causality.
Objectives In this study, assessing whether coffee consumption and caffeine intake were associated with periodontitis infection separately was set as the objective. Materials and Methods Divided into binary and continuous categories, coffee consumption was set as the exposure variable along with caffeine intake and periodontitis infection as the outcome variables. Other covariables were regarded as potential confounders. The cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with multivariate regression models, subgroup analyses, smooth fitting curves, and threshold effect examinations conducted to pursue a definite correlation between exposures and the outcome. Results Negative associations were discovered between binary coffee consumption and caffeine intake and periodontitis infection, with all confounders adjusted. In subgroup analyses stratified by sex, diabetes mellitus status, and hypertension status, interaction and threshold effects were observed, which were revealed intuitively by smooth-fitting curves. Conclusions Significant negative associations between binary consumption and caffeine intake and periodontitis infection separately were indicated, with no evidence suggesting a credible correlation between continuous coffee consumption and periodontitis infection risk. The benefits of the behavior of consuming coffee and consuming caffeine were more obvious among males and individuals who do not suffer from diabetes or hypertension.
Background Increased folic acid has been found to be latently protective against gynecological infection, including several kinds of vaginosis. In this study, we laid the emphasis on whether red blood cell (RBC) folate status was associated with the infectious ratio of Trichomonas vaginalis, a kind of anaerobic parasitic protozoan. Methods We set RBC folate as the dependent variable and Trichomonas vaginalis as the targeted independent variable. Other subsidiary variables were regarded as confounding variables and potential modifiers that may work as a potential role. The cross-sectional study was conducted with two merged waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2004, and a sample of 1274 eligible women (1212 negativeand 62 positivein Trichomonas vaginalis infection) was integrated for exploration. Multivariate regression analyses, subgroup analyses, and subsequent smooth curve fittings were conducted to estimate the relationship between RBC folate and Trichomonas vaginalis in a specific gender. Results In the results of multivariable logistic regression analyses, a negative association was observed between stratified RBC folate status and Trichomonas vaginalis infection with all confounders adjusted. Referencing the lowest RBC folate concentration quartile, the higher concentration quartiles reported a relatively lower infection ratio, while there was a weak correlation between total RBC folate concentration and T.v. infection. In subgroup analyses, this association did not differ among the stratified groups. Conclusions The cross-sectional study indicated a negative association between RBC folic acid and Trichomonas vaginalis infection.
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