The improvement of the amount of OH functional groups and bioactivity of titanium
metal was attempted by chemical treatment and subsequent hot water treatments. The surface morphology, chemical composition and crystal structure were used to characterize the Ti surfaces and their biocompatibility was evaluated by culturing with osteoblasts. Porous network bioactive anatase were prepared by immersion in the 5 M NaOH at 80ı for 24 h, followed by soaking in the water at 80ı for 48 h. The treatment with H2O2/HCl solution at 80ı for 30 min followed by hot water aging also produced an anatase titania gel layer. Percentage of surface OH groups was
determined by XPS analysis. After chemical treatment and subsequent aging in hot water, the amount of surface OH groups increased. The modified Ti surface promoted the proliferation and the ALP activities of osteoblasts. These results indicate that the NaOH or H2O2/HCl treatment and subsequent hot water immersion improve the biocompatibility of Ti samples. On the other hand, a high OH group concentration is very important as functional groups for the apatite nucleation or
biochemical modification via an organometallic interface of immobilizing biomolecules.
Phosphorylated chitosans were synthesized as templates to manipulate hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal nucleation, growth and microstructure. Two kinds of insoluble phosphorylated chitosan were soaked in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution for 4 d and in 1.5× SBF (simulated body fluid) solutions for 14 d at 37 °C for biomimetic mineralization. A lower [P]-content of phosphorylated chitosan promoted greater mineralization than higher [P]-content. Phosphorylated chitosan inhibited osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro, while calcium phosphate phosphorylated chitosan composites did not.
A novel three-dimensional scaffold of hydroxyapatite(HA)-polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) composite hydrogel was synthesized by a biomimetic method. PEC hydrogel was formed from equal volumes of 1% phosphorylated chitosan in water and 1% chitosan in 1% acetic acid solution. This PEC hydrogel was soaked in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution for 4 d and then in accelerated calcification solution (ACS) for 7 d, both at 37 oC. The PEC hydrogel was a nano-composite material with multiple levels of hierarchical porosity; hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals nucleated and grew on the fiber surfaces of the hydrogel; Rat osteoblasts were then seeded in this three-dimensional scaffold of HA-PEC composite hydrogel, the three-dimensional scaffold of HA-PEC hydrogel revealed excellent biocompatibility.
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