other areas, and play an important role in energy storage and conversion fields. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Nonetheless, the constantly expanding consumption market proposes higher demands for energy density and safety of LIBs, which encourages researchers to ulteriorly improve and optimize the existing LIBs system. The regulation of high-capacity electrode materials and wide operating voltage windows becomes the key to obtaining high energy density storage. In recent years, lithium metal anode has presented great application potential owing to the excellent theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g −1 ) and low electrode potential (−3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)). The batteries assembled by lithium metal anode and high-capacity cathodes or high voltage cathodes achieve higher energy storage compared with traditional commercial LIBs. [8][9][10][11] However, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been suffering from liquid organic electrolyte safety issues. Generally, the volatile and flammable liquid organic electrolytes are easy to burn and burst when the batteries receive a violent impact or damage. [12][13][14] Uncontrolled lithium dendrites growth continuously consumes the electrolytes and increases the risk of short circuits. [15][16][17][18] Besides, liquid organic electrolytes are unstable in
In practical applications, the chemical and physical adsorption of a polymer solution greatly affects its action mode and effect. Understanding the adsorption mechanism and its influencing factors can help to optimize the application mode and ensure application efficiency. Three types of polymer solutions—partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), hydrophobically associating polymer (AP-P4), and dendrimer hydrophobically associating polymer (DHAP), which are viscoelastic liquids—were used as sorbates to study their adsorption by a sorbent such as quartz sand. The effects of the solution concentration, contact time, particle size of quartz sand, solid–liquid ratio, and fluid movement on the adsorption capacity of the polymer solutions were examined. The results showed that HPAM presents a typical Langmuir monolayer adsorption characteristic, and its adsorption capacity (per unit area) is 1.17–1.62 μg/cm2. The association enhances the interactions of the AP-P4 and DHAP solutions, and they present multilayer characteristics of first-order chemical adsorption and secondary physical molecule adsorption. Moreover, the dendrite structure further increases the adsorption thickness of DHAP. Hence, the adsorption thicknesses of AP-P4 and DHAP are four and six times that of HPAM, respectively. The adsorption of the three polymers is consistent with the influence of fluid motion and decreases with increasing fluid velocity. However, the larger the thickness of the adsorption layer, the clearer the influence of the flow, and the higher the decrease in adsorption capacity. Optimizing the injection rate is an effective method to control the applications of a polymer in porous media.
This work reports the investigation of the catalytic effect of metallic additives on heavy oil oxidation during the air injection process through thermogravimetric testing. The results indicate that the crude oil and oil mixed with metallic additives, combusted in an air atmosphere, exhibit three different types of reactions defined as low-temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel deposition (FD), and high-temperature oxidation (HTO). Because of differences in individual catalytic activity and specific surface area effects, metallic additives exhibit varied catalytic effects on heavy oil oxidation. Meanwhile, the difference of activation energy reduction between LTO and HTO is analyzed in depth to present new insights into the catalytic effect of metallic additives on asphaltene and mechanistic understanding in terms of microscopic molecular structure. Through the combined analysis of thermal behavior and combustion kinetics, CuCl 2 is found to be an excellent catalyst for upgrading the performance of an air injection project through positively influencing the oxidation reactions of Tahe heavy crude oil.
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