Bendamustine (BENDA) has both alkylating and purinergic antitumor activities and remains effective in some cancers that have developed drug resistance, and there are few studies on the interaction mechanism of BENDA with DNA. In this paper, the interaction mechanism between BENDA and calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was systematically investigated at the single molecular level, mainly by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Confocal Raman spectroscopy, and molecular docking. In UV-vis absorption spectroscopy experiments, the effects of ctDNA solution concentration, temperature, time and Na+ ions on the spectral production were investigated, respectively, and the experimental results showed that the interaction mode between BENDA and ctDNA was external bonding, i.e., groove binding and electrostatic binding. In addition, the disappearance and shift of the corresponding characteristic peaks in the Raman peaks indicate that BENDA interacts mainly with the phosphate backbone and base G of the ctDNA molecule, and causes some shifts in other bases and deoxyribose. Molecular docking simulations show that BENDA binds in the minor groove region of DNA and that the N and O atoms in the BENDA structure form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with base G, respectively. The results of this paper help to understand the mechanism of action of anti-cancer drugs and provide some reference for the development of new drugs with less toxic side effects.
Since 2011, when Kir’yanov et al. first reported a new wavelength self-sweeping ytterbium-doped fiber laser that does not rely on any tuning element but only on the dynamic induced grating generated in the gain fiber by the standing wave resonator structure, the self-sweeping effect based on fiber waveguides has been extensively studied, leading to great progress in fundamental physics and other applications of self-sweeping fiber lasers. Different doped fiber lasers have not only achieved the self-sweeping effect, but also observed new phenomena such as anomalous self-sweeping and continuous pulses. Due to their remarkable spectral and pulsed characteristics, self-sweeping fiber lasers have been widely used in spectral detection, fiber sensing and short pulse synthesis. In this paper, we will introduce the classification of different doped self-sweeping fiber lasers, summarize their different implementations, and introduce their self-sweeping laws, pulse characteristics, recent progress of applications and future development prospects.
In this work, for the first time, four self-sweeping regimes in a single-mode bi-directional ytterbium-doped fiber ring laser are observed by adjusting the polarization controller (PC): normal self-sweeping, reverse self-sweeping, mixed state, and wavelength stop state. In addition, regulating the PC can artificially selectively make the laser operate in normal self-sweeping or reverse self-sweeping within a certain pump power range, and their self-sweeping characteristics (e.g., sweeping rate, sweeping range, etc.) and intensity dynamics are investigated in detail, respectively. In conclusion, we can flexibly regulate the sweeping direction and sweeping characteristics of the bi-directional self-sweeping fiber ring laser in a simple approach by adjusting the PC, which is potentially valuable for its practical application.
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