Graphene oxide shows stress-induced toxicity properties in vivo under different pathophysiological conditions. A dual-path chemical mechanism, involving the overproduction of hydroxyl radicals and the formation of oxidizing cytochrome c intermediates, is responsible for the toxicity properties.
Arrays of ZnO/Zn(x)Cd(1-x)Se (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) core/shell nanocables with shells of tunable compositions have been synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrates via a simple ion-exchange approach. Through the effects of stoichiometry and type II heterojunction, optical absorptions of the nanocable arrays can be controllably tuned to cover almost the entire visible spectrum. Lattice parameters and band gaps of the ternary Zn(x)Cd(1-x)Se shells were found to have respectively linear and quadratic relationships with the Zn content (x). These ZnO/Zn(x)Cd(1-x)Se nanocable arrays are further demonstrated to be promising photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical solar cells, giving a maximum power conversion efficiency up to 4.74%.
Background: Octupole-deformed nuclei, such as that of 225 Ra, are expected to amplify observable atomic electric dipole moments (EDMs) that arise from time-reversal and parity-violating interactions in the nuclear medium. In 2015, we reported the first "proof-of-principle" measurement of the 225 Ra atomic EDM.Purpose: This work reports on the first of several experimental upgrades to improve the statistical sensitivity of our 225 Ra EDM measurements by orders of magnitude and evaluates systematic effects that contribute to current and future levels of experimental sensitivity.
Method: Laser-cooled and trapped225 Ra atoms are held between two high voltage electrodes in an ultra high vacuum chamber at the center of a magnetically shielded environment. We observe Larmor precession in a uniform magnetic field using nuclear-spin-dependent laser light scattering and look for a phase shift proportional to the applied electric field, which indicates the existence of an EDM. The main improvement to our measurement technique is an order of magnitude increase in spin precession time, which is enabled by an improved vacuum system and a reduction in trap-induced heating.
Results: We have measured the225 Ra atomic EDM to be less than 1.4 × 10 −23 e cm (95% confidence upper limit), which is a factor of 36 improvement over our previous result.
Conclusions:Our evaluation of systematic effects shows that this measurement is completely limited by statistical uncertainty. Combining this measurement technique with planned experimental upgrades we project a statistical sensitivity at the 1 × 10 −28 e cm level and a total systematic uncertainty at the 4 × 10 −29 e cm level.
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