Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins were identified as site-specific recognition factors for RNA editing in plant mitochondria and plastids. In this study, we characterized maize (Zea mays) kernel mutant defective kernel 46 (dek46), which has lethal embryo and collapsed endosperm. Dek46 encodes an E-subgroup PPR protein which possesses a short PLS repeat region of only seven repeats. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that DEK46 is localized in mitochondrion. The strand- and transcript-specific RNA-seq (STS-PCRseq) analysis showed that the dek46 mutation impacted C-to-U RNA editing at over 60 mitochondrial C targets. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial protein complexes revealed significant reduced assembly of mitochondrial complex III in dek46. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation showed severe morphological defects of mitochondria in dek46 endosperm cells. In addition, Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and luciferase complementation image (LCI) assays indicated that DEK46 can interact with mitochondria-targeting non-PPR RNA editing factor, ZmMORF1, suggesting that DEK46 might be a functional component in organellar RNA editosome.
Effect of crystal size distribution on thermoelectric performance of Lanthanum-doped strontium titanate ( La - SrTiO 3) ceramics are investigated in this study. Thermoelectric performance measurement, coupled with microstructure studies, shows that the electrical conductivity strongly depends on the crystal size, potential barrier on the grain boundary and porosity. Meantime, because the average potential barriers height are increased along with the reduction of crystal size, the Seebeck coefficients are increased by energy filtering effect at the large number of grain boundaries. As a result, by controlling of crystal size distribution, ZT value of La - SrTiO 3 is improved.
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