The orchestration of mitochondria within the cell represents a critical aspect of cell biology. At the center of this process is the outer mitochondrial membrane protein, Miro. Miro coordinates diverse cellular processes by regulating connections between organelles and the cytoskeleton that range from mediating contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to the regulation of both actin and microtubule motor proteins. Recently, a number of cell biological, biochemical, and protein structure studies have helped to characterize the myriad roles played by Miro. In addition to answering questions regarding Miro's function, these studies have opened the door to new avenues in the study of Miro in the cell. This review will focus on summarizing recent findings for Miro's structure, function, and activity while highlighting key questions that remain unanswered.
Accurate fault locating minimises labour and outage time. Efforts to increase the accuracy of fault locating methods are ongoing. In this study, a dynamic state estimation-based fault locating (EBFL) method is proposed. Best implementation requires GPS synchronised sample value measurements at both ends of the line. The dynamic state estimator operates on the sampled values using a detailed dynamic model of the line, which includes the fault location as a state. Specifically, the dynamic line model is represented as a multi-section transmission line model, inclusive of phase conductor type and size, shield wire(s) type and size, and tower ground impedances, integrated with the fault model. This study presents extensive numerical experiments demonstrating that the method has higher accuracy than traditional fault locating methods for different fault types, locations and impedances. Additionally, the method works for both two-terminal and three-terminal transmission lines.
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