In this review we will focus on recent progress in the field of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) display technologies. We present the current display materials and their applications, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), flexible OLEDs quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs), active-matrix organic light emitting diodes (AMOLEDs), electronic paper (E-paper), curved displays, stereoscopic 3D displays, volumetric 3D displays, light field 3D displays, and holographic 3D displays. Conventional 2D display devices, such as liquid crystal devices (LCDs) often result in ambiguity in high-dimensional data images because of lacking true depth information. This review thus provides a detailed description of 3D display technologies.
This paper presents a novel method on the optimization of bi-objective Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP) under stochastic processing times. The robust counterpart model and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) are used to solve the bi-objective FJSP with consideration of the completion time and the total energy consumption under stochastic processing times. The case study on GM Corporation verifies that the NSGA-II used in this paper is effective and has advantages to solve the proposed model comparing with HPSO and PSO+SA. The idea and method of the paper can be generalized widely in the manufacturing industry, because it can reduce the energy consumption of the energy-intensive manufacturing enterprise with less investment when the new approach is applied in existing systems.
Among the important features of holographic displays are the wide viewing angles and the full color of the reconstructed images. The present work focuses on achievement of both features. We propose an increased-viewing-angle full-color holographic display using two tiled phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs), a 4f concave mirrors system, and a temporal-spatial multiplexing method. The 4f optical system consists of two concave mirrors and serves to increase the viewing angle. A temporal-spatial multiplexing synchronization control (TSMSC) method is developed to achieve a full-color image and to remove the color crosstalk of the image. We calculate RGB phase-only holograms of a computer-generated color pyramid by using a slice-based Fresnel diffraction algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the proposed display system is feasible to reconstruct a full-color holographic 3D image with a viewing angle of 12.8°, which is about 3.8 times wider than the viewing angle formed by a single SLM.
The fractional Fourier transform (FRT) has been used for computing holograms in holographic displays due to its continuity of describing wave diffraction in the near field and far field. In this study, we propose a method to realize a full-color holographic 3D display with combined use of the FRT and the free-space Fresnel diffraction. A slice-based optical configuration and the calculation algorithm of the FRT are proposed for generating phase-only holograms of full-color 3D objects. Sequential phase-only holograms are generated for reducing the speckle noise of reconstructed images by the time-averaging effect. Free-space Fresnel diffraction is used for 3D image reconstruction from the generated holograms. The relationship between the fractional orders of different color channels and the free-space Fresnel diffraction distance is analyzed. Chromatic aberrations caused by different wavelengths of RGB lasers are also compensated. A full-color holographic display system using a reflective phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) is established. Both the numerical and optical reconstruction results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
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