Arabidopsis histone deacetylase HDA19 is required for gene expression programs of a large spectrum of plant developmental and stress-responsive pathways. How this enzyme senses cellular environment to control its activity remains unclear. In this work, we show that HDA19 is post-translationally modified by Snitrosylation at 4 Cysteine (Cys) residues. HDA19 S-nitrosylation depends on the cellular nitric oxide level, which is enhanced under oxidative stress. We find that HDA19 is required for cellular redox homeostasis and plant tolerance to oxidative stress, which in turn stimulates its nuclear enrichment, S-nitrosylation and epigenetic functions including binding to genomic targets, histone deacetylation and gene repression. The Cys137 of the protein is involved in basal and stress-induced S-nitrosylation, and is required for HDA19 functions in developmental, stress-responsive and epigenetic controls. Together, these results indicate that Snitrosylation regulates HDA19 activity and is a mechanism of redox-sensing for chromatin regulation of plant tolerance to stress.
Biologists can now solve complex environmental problems by fabricate practical plant organisms, difficulties related to characterisation of cellular architectures of plant cells are often encountered which constrained the application of plant cells in synthetic biology. The objective of this study was to develop a automated, accurate and high-throughput quantitative analysis method ACFVA for single plant cell identification. ACFVA can address a variety of biological questions quantitatively of large number of plant cells automatically including standard assays (for example, cell localiztion, count and size) and complex morphological assays (for example, different fluorescence in cells). These assays can be used in a wide range of synthetic biology directions.
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