The next-generation portable and wearable energy-storage devices are expected to withstand distinguished mechanical strain and damage. Hence, the electrolytes with superior self-healability, outstanding stretchability, and excellent electrochemical performance are the necessary requirements for achieving advanced supercapacitors, but it still remains a huge challenge to develop the electrolytes. Herein, a novel type of multifunctional supramolecular hydrogel electrolyte (3-dimethyl (methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAPS)−poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/H 2 SO 4 /bromamine acid sodium (BAAS)) cross-linked by reasonably designed hydrogen bonds and ionic associations is prepared by facile one-pot copolymerization. The obtained hydrogel displays a high ionic conductivity of 40 mS cm −1 , a significant self-healing behavior within only 8 min, and a large stretch strain of more than 2000%. Surprisingly, it also demonstrates robust self-adhesiveness on the electrodes, which not only avoid the relative displacement and delamination between the electrolyte and electrode layers during the repeated mechanical deformation but also is convenient for achieving the lightweight and portable energy-storage devices. Furthermore, the carbon-based supercapacitor with the DMAPS−PAA/H 2 SO 4 /BAAS hydrogel electrolyte can achieve a large electrode-specific capacitance of 240 F g −1 benefited from the introduction of the BAAS redox additive. Simultaneously, the specific capacitance maintains 96 and 89% of its initial value after 400 bending/releasing cycles and 5000 charge/discharge cycles, respectively. The investigation provides a versatile strategy to design a multifunctional hydrogel electrolyte applied to promising power sources for personalized electronics.

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) possess a hydrophobic inner cavity and a hydrophilic exterior surface. They exhibit excellent inclusion properties with the guest molecules that match cavity size, and β-CD-based materials drew widespread attention in electrochemical sensors. The hydroxy groups at the edge of the cavity can form hydrogen bonds and undergo electrostatic and dipole-dipole interactions with other molecules. This review (with 109 refs.) reveals β-CD-based detection mechanisms from the viewpoint of the size/shape-fit concept, and summarizes the current state of multiple electrochemical sensors based on the use of β-CD and functionalized β-CD such as carboxymethyl-β-CD, mono-(6-ethanediamine-6-deoxy)-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, thio-β-cyclodextrin, and others. Graphical abstract Schematic diagram of cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation in aqueous solution, represents water molecules, represents guest molecule.

Background Septic shock comprises a heterogeneous population, and individualized resuscitation strategy is of vital importance. The study aimed to identify subclasses of septic shock with non-supervised learning algorithms, so as to tailor resuscitation strategy for each class. Methods Patients with septic shock in 25 tertiary care teaching hospitals in China from January 2016 to December 2017 were enrolled in the study. Clinical and laboratory variables were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 after ICU admission. Subclasses of septic shock were identified by both finite mixture modeling and K-means clustering. Individualized fluid volume and norepinephrine dose were estimated using dynamic treatment regime (DTR) model to optimize the final mortality outcome. DTR models were validated in the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD) dataset. Results A total of 1437 patients with a mortality rate of 29% were included for analysis. The finite mixture modeling and K-means clustering robustly identified five classes of septic shock. Class 1 (baseline class) accounted for the majority of patients over all days; class 2 (critical class) had the highest severity of illness; class 3 (renal dysfunction) was characterized by renal dysfunction; class 4 (respiratory failure class) was characterized by respiratory failure; and class 5 (mild class) was characterized by the lowest mortality rate (21%). The optimal fluid infusion followed the resuscitation/de-resuscitation phases with initial large volume infusion and late restricted volume infusion. While class 1 transitioned to de-resuscitation phase on day 3, class 3 transitioned on day 1. Classes 1 and 3 might benefit from early use of norepinephrine, and class 2 can benefit from delayed use of norepinephrine while waiting for adequate fluid infusion. Conclusions Septic shock comprises a heterogeneous population that can be robustly classified into five phenotypes. These classes can be easily identified with routine clinical variables and can help to tailor resuscitation strategy in the context of precise medicine.

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