Biomass as a carbon material source is the characteristic of green chemistry. Herein, a series of hierarchical P-doped cotton stalk carbon materials (HPCSCMs) were prepared from cheap and abundant biowaste cotton stalk. These materials possess a surface area of 3463.14 m 2 g −1 and hierarchical pores. As lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, the samples exhibit 1100 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 after 100 cycles and hold 419 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 after 1000 cycles, with nearly 100% capacity retention. After HPCSCMs are loaded with sulfur (S/HPCSCMs), the samples (S/HPCSCMs-2) deliver a discharge capacity of 413 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 after 100 cycles as lithium−sulfur (Li−S) battery cathodes. This excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to P in carbon networks, which not only provides more active sites, but also improves electrical conductivity.
Because of its safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have aroused the wide interest of researchers. In particular, the use of Z foil as an anode of ZIBs has a higher theoretical capacity and simplifies the battery manufacturing process. However, serious problems occur at the electrode/electrolyte interface, such as dendrite growth and side reactions, making the coulombic efficiency and lifetime of Zn-metal electrodes far from satisfactory. This has aroused interest in researchers seeking various additives to solve those above problems. For the rapid development of electrolyte additives in this new field, it is necessary to provide theoretical support. The electroplating of metal zinc has been developed for nearly two centuries. A rich theoretical basis and various efficient electroplating additives have been developed to improve the structure and properties. Furthermore, the essence of conventional electroplating and Zn plating for ZIBs is parallel. This review starts from the basic theory of electroplating and relates the application of electroplating additives in reversible ZIBs. The basic and new understanding of traditional electroplating additives applied to high-performance ZIBs is summarized, providing guidance for accurate evaluation and analysis of high-efficiency ZIBs electrolyte additives in the near future
Transition metal oxides (TMOs) hold great potential for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) on account of the high theoretical capacity. Unfortunately, the unfavorable volume expansion and low intrinsic electronic conductivity of TMOs lead to irreversible structural degradation, disordered particle agglomeration, and sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics, which result in perishing rate capability and long-term stability. This work reports an Fe 2 O 3 /MoO 3 @NG heterostructure composite for LIBs through the uniform growth of Fe 2 O 3 /MoO 3 heterostructure quantum dots (HQDs) on the N-doped rGO (NG). Due to the synergistic effects of the "couple tree"-type heterostructures constructed by Fe 2 O 3 and MoO 3 with NG, Fe 2 O 3 /MoO 3 @NG delivers a prominent rate performance (322 mA h g −1 at 20 A g −1 , 5.0 times higher than that of Fe 2 O 3 @NG) and long-term cycle stability (433.5 mA h g −1 after 1700 cycles at 10 A g −1 ). Theoretical calculations elucidate that the strong covalent Fe−O−Mo, Mo−N, and Fe−N bonds weaken the diffusion energy barrier and promote the Li + -ion reaction to Fe 2 O 3 /MoO 3 @NG, thereby facilitating the structural stability, pseudocapacitance contribution, and electrochemical reaction kinetics. This work may provide a feasible strategy to promote the practical application of TMO-based LIBs.
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