The objective of this research were to determine the effects of foliar fertilization (20% N: 20% P2O5: 20% K2O) at different growth stages on yield and nutrient contents of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to reveal proper application time and frequency in Kostanai-Kazakhstan conditions. The field experiment was conducted according to randomized plot design with four replications with a seeding rate of 500 seed per m 2 on the plots having a size of 5.0 m length and 4.0 m width. Foliar applications of the fertilizer at 1%rate were done at tillering (T), stem elongation (S), heading (H) stages of wheat and the combinations of these stages (T+S, T+H, S+H and T+S+H). Wheat yield values varied between the lowest 1.32 t/ha in the control and the highest 2.14 t/ha in the foliar fertilization done at tillering and steam elongation stages (T+S). According to control treatment, increases in grain yields by the foliar fertilization done at the different growth stages were determined as follows; T+S (61.7%) > T+H (47.4%) > T+S+H (41.8%) > S+H (41.6%) > T (38.5%) > S (19.1%) > H (16.6%). There was no significant difference among the macronutrient contents in grain obtained by the foliar fertilization at the different growth stages. N, P and K contents in the grain were close the values cited in the literatures. Ca and Mg contents deficiency in grain were determined due to the acidic soil pH condition of Kostanai-Kazakhstan. Nitrogen, P, K and Ca uptakes by grain, except Mg, generally increased with the all application of foliar fertilization. When the foliar fertilization was done at T+S stages, the highest macro nutrient uptakes by grain in wheat were generally obtained. This research indicated that the first foliar fertilization should be applied at the tillering stage and the best foliar fertilization management for high grain yield and nutrient uptake should be done two times at the combination of tillering and stem elongation stages.
Modern agronomic technologies must include environmentally-friendly technologies in crop growing. In Kazakhstan, despite its significant potential, environmentallyfriendly farming is underdeveloped with little scientific backing. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop and suggest an adaptive technology for cultivation of legumes taking into account existing methodologies for environmentallyfriendly production in the dry steppe zone of Akmola region, Northern Kazakhstan. In order to achieve the objectives, the study focused on determination of a complex impact of combination of agroecological conditions (incl. agro-climatic, content of selected heavy metals such as Cu and Zn in soil, weed pressure, etc.), contrasting soil cultivation technology (i.e. traditional vs zero-tillage), nutrient inputs (fertilizers, legume stimulators) and pesticides on growth and productivity of selected legume crops (peas and chickpeas). The overall agroecological and growing conditions were suitable for producing economically-important legume crops (i.e. pea and chickpea), despite the temperature fluctiations and soil moisture shortage. Despite the very low content of N and P in the upper soil layer, the Cu and Zn content was within the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) for Kazakhstan, with a low anticipated negative effect on target legume growth. The least number of weeds was recorded by the variant with application of biological preparation Respecta. The targeted legumes were better developed during the growing season under the traditional technology compared to zero-tillage technology, i.e. germination and seed viability, which might be attributed to better utilisation of soil air and improved soil porosity of the soil layer of 0-20 cm when using traditional technology. Combinations of mineral fertilizer CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O 5 with the innoculation promoter Rizotorfin, and Izagry Phosphorus with Rizotorfin may be recommended to farmers. The application of plant inoculation promoter Rizotorfin was more effective when combined with Phosphorus promoter Izagry Phosphorus. This combination i) reduced the time of passing the main phenophases of pea and chickpea, and the overall length of vegetation (in days). It gives farmers an opportunity to apply late sowing, e.g. in the beginning of June and use the higher temperatures during main vegetation period, and ii) had a positive
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