Objective: α-Glucosidase inhibitors can be used as a new class of antidiabetic drug. By competitively inhibiting glycosidase activity, these inhibitors help to prevent the fast breakdown of sugars and thereby control the blood sugar level. This study provides a wealth of information about α-glucosidase inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants; this knowledge will be useful in finding more potent antidiabetic candidates from the natural resources for the clinical development of antidiabetic therapeutics. Results: 411 compounds exhibiting α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were summarized and isolated them from medicinal plants. The compound classes isolated include: terpenes (61) from 14 genus, alkaloids (37) from 11 genus, quinines (49) from 4 genus, flavonoids (103) from 24 genus, phenols (37) from 9 genus, phenylpropanoids (73) from 20 genus, sterides (8) from 5 genus, and other types of compounds (43). Conclusion: Compounds with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity are abundant in nature and can be obtained from several sources. They have high α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, and can be clinically developed for treating diabetes mellitus.
As a member of the Forkhead box protein family, Forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1) is a transcription factor that functions to regulate cell differentiation. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that FOXQ1 is significantly associated with the pathogenesis of tumors. This review aims to predominantly discuss the relationship between FOXQ1 and various types of tumor. The FOXQ1 gene is located at human chromosome 6p25.3 and encodes a functional 403 amino acid protein, which has many physiological functions, including promoting epithelial differentiation, inhibiting smooth muscle differentiation, activating T cells and autoimmunity, and controlling mucin gene expression and granule content in stomach surface mucous cells. There are several modes of regulation of FOXQ1 expression that have been demonstrated in normal and tumor cells, such as microRNA and the Wnt signaling pathway. The activation of FOXQ1 affects downstream genes promoting the initiation, proliferation and invasion, in addition to the metastasis of tumor cells. Amongst these, the regulation of invasion and metastasis by FOXQ1 is the most extensively studied. The detailed mechanism involves angiogenesis, tumor re-initiation, alterations in the tumor microenvironment and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In a number of studies, the expression of FOXQ1 has been reported to be upregulated in breast, colorectal, pancreatic, bladder and ovarian cancer, and glioma, amongst other tumor types. Together, these studies contribute to cancer diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics. In conclusion, the application prospect of FOXQ1 in tumors is hopeful.
Plumbagin (PLB), a natural naphthoquinone constituent isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica L., exhibited anticancer activity against a variety of cancer cell lines including breast cancer, hepatoma, leukemia, melanoma, prostate cancer, brain tumor, tongue squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, kidney adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, lymphocyte carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and canine cancer. PLB played anticancer activity via many molecular mechanisms, such as targeting apoptosis, autophagy pathway, cell cycle arrest, antiangiogenesis pathway, anti-invasion, and antimetastasis pathway. Among these signaling pathways, the key regulatory genes regulated by PLB were NF-kβ, STAT3, and AKT. PLB also acted as a potent inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppressor of cellular glutathione, and novel proteasome inhibitor, causing DNA double-strand break by oxidative DNA base damage. This review comprehensively summarizes the anticancer activity and mechanism of PLB.
LncRNAs play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and development. However, the potential involvement of lncRNAs in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) needs to be further explored. All the data used in this study were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and all analyses were conducted using R software. Basing on the seven prognosis-related lncRNAs finally selected, we developed a prognosis-predicting model with powerful effectiveness (training cohort, 1 year: AUC = 0.70, 95% Cl = 0.57–0.78; 3 years: AUC = 0.71, 95% Cl = 0.6–0.8; 5 years: AUC = 0.76, 95% Cl = 0.66–0.87; validation cohort, 1 year: AUC = 0.70, 95% Cl = 0.58–0.8; 3 years: AUC = 0.73, 95% Cl = 0.63–0.82; 5 years: AUC = 0.68, 95% Cl = 0.5–0.85). The VEGF and Notch pathway were analyzed through GSEA analysis, and low immune and stromal scores were found in high-risk patients (immune score, cor = − 0.15, P < 0.001; stromal score, cor = − 0.18, P < 0.001) , which may partially explain the poor prognosis of patients in the high-risk group. We screened lncRNAs that are significantly associated with the survival of patients with COAD and possibly participate in autophagy regulation. This study may provide direction for future research.
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