Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) proliferation seriously threatens rice production worldwide. Whole-plant bioassays were conducted in order to test the sensitivity to penoxsulam of 52 barnyardgrass populations and the resistance of six penoxsulam-resistant populations to 12 other herbicides that are commonly used in rice fields. Among the 48 populations that had escaped penoxsulam control in the rice fields, 8.3% showed a very high level of resistance, 58.3% showed a high level of resistance and 10.4% showed a moderate level of resistance. Multiple resistance was confirmed in all six penoxsulam-resistant populations that were tested further. They exhibited at least a moderate level of resistance; that is, to 6-10 of the total of 13 herbicides that was tested. Most of the six penoxsulam-resistant populations showed at least a moderate level of resistance to bispyribac-sodium, quinclorac, metamifop, cyhalofop-butyl and oxadiazon, three populations held at least a moderate level of resistance to oxyfluorfen and pretilachlor, two populations also held at least a moderate level of resistance to pyrazosulfuronethyl, pyribenzoxim and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, but the resistance indices of the six populations to pendimethalin were all low. This study has confirmed resistance to pretilachlor and oxadiazon in weeds for the first time.

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So, It can be concluded that the proposed continuous dynamic gesture spotting algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer theory can extract almost all the effective dynamic gestures in the HCI of our AR platform, and on this basis, it can effectively improve the accuracy of the subsequent dynamic gesture recognition.