This study aims to utilize the new gravity P-median model to conduct an empirical study for the spatial equilibrium layout of general hospitals in the urban area of Nanjing City, based on multiple requirements for spatial equilibrium, involving spatial equity-efficiency, service utility fairness, and utilization efficiency. The major results are as follows: (1) the new layout can achieve the goal of obtaining a proximate, high-quality medical service in 30 min even for those who reside on the outskirts, which is less than the current 65.6 min. Moreover, the new layout corresponds better to the population distribution and traffic network layout. (2) When compared with several typical characteristics of accessibility to hospitals, including severe gradient variation, five high-value centers, and the efficiency orientation in the current layout, the new demonstrates distinctive ones: comparatively moderate accessibility variation; more relatively high-value areas scattered in different parts of the city; more convenient accessibility on the outskirts; a better balance of the equitable appeal from the inhabitants residing in different areas. (3) The new layout can attain spatial equilibrium at a higher level, the representative indices to measure spatial equity, spatial efficiency, chance fairness, and utilization efficiency have been ameliorated by 54%, 13%, 63%, 14%, respectively. The study reveals that: (1) The new gravity P-median model has the validity and practicability in solving facility location and scale configuration problems with high time complexity, under complicated situations due to multiple targets and multi-agent competition. (2) The model can be applied to decision making related to public infrastructure planning in different types of development areas, by setting concerning parameters or making some minor adjustments to the model in different scenarios. Such research can provide some reference for the location-allocation problem of high-grade facilities in metropolises, and support the decision-making basis for urban infrastructure planning.
As a type of urban gentrification oriented by high-quality educational resources, jiaoyufication is a socio-spatial process that refers to the middle-class group that attaches importance to education realizes the agglomeration in famous school districts by purchasing high-price school district houses. Based on the theoretical analysis of jiaoyufication conducted by Chinese and foreign scholars, this paper takes Nanjing as a case city, applies multi-source data like POIs (points of interest), real estate market data, mobile-phone user portraits and questionnaires, and develops a composite measurement of jiaoyufication to identify jiaoyufied school district, jiaoyufied group & its spatial characteristics, and discusses the causal mechanisms and effects of jiaoyufication. With the GIS-entropy-TOPSIS model, this paper evaluates the jiaoyufication level of public primary school districts in the main urban area of Nanjing. The result show that 218 primary school districts are categorized into four types, i.e., high jiaoyufied school district, mid-high jiaoyufied school district, medium jiaoyufied school district, and low jiaoyufied school district. The high jiaoyufied school districts are closely associated with the institutional system. In the high jiaoyufied school districts, many middle-class families have abundant social, economic, and cultural capital. They purchase and move to houses with lower living quality in school districts to pursue high-quality education for their children. The strict school district system, soaring school district housing prices, and intense educational competition continuously solidify the jiaoyufication levels of famous school districts and lock the opportunities for high-quality education in specific school-district spaces and classes or groups. The phenomenon of this socio-spatial reconstruction process, which results from the unequal distribution of high-quality educational resources, tends to
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