No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

recently received a new world record efficiency of 25.7%, approaching that of the mainstream crystalline silicon (c-Si) SCs (26.7%). [8] However, the full potential of this type of perovskite device especially in the photovoltaic (PV) industry has not yet been realized, which needs to rely on ongoing progresses to further boost the device efficiency while maintaining/lowering the manufacturing costs with the purpose of accelerating their industrialization process and enhancing their competitiveness in the PV community. In terms of the conventional n-i-p (or p-i-n) sandwich PSCs, device efficiency depends on the electron/hole transport layers (ETLs/ HTLs) to offer a driving force for chargecarrier transport and extraction. [9] Even though a large number of ETLs and HTLs, such as TiO 2 , SnO 2 , and Spiro-OMeTAD, have been widely developed to construct the high-efficient PSCs, complex synthesis/deposition processes together with strict requirements for the preparation conditions pose a challenging to obtain the low-cost perovskite devices, which thus appeals for the structural innovations to simplify the device designs. [10][11][12] Inspired by the high-efficient c-Si solar cells, which usually fabricate a heavily doped p-type (or n-type) emitter on an n-type (or p-type) c-Si substrate to form a p + /n (or n + /p) homojunction, researchers have made many attempts to construct the self-doping perovskite by means of regulating perovskite component and annealing engineering, thus offering a chance to fabricate p-n homojunction/heterojunction PSCs. [13][14][15] The homojunction design has been considered to be a feasible strategy for the perovskite devices, which has been confirmed by a large number of simulations (Table S1, Supporting Information) and experiments. For instance, Cui et al. reported a FA 0.15 MA 0.85 PbI 3 homojunction PSC formed by a solutionprocessed n-type perovskite covered by a thermally evaporated p-type perovskite, which received an outstanding efficiency of 21.38%. Moreover, the continuous success of the perovskite self-doping technology also makes it possible for PSCs to access high efficiency even if transport layers (TLs) are absent. In terms of the TL-free PSCs, the built-in potential formed by the perovskite homojunction/heterojunction provides the devices with a driving force to address the processes of charge-carrier Although the conventional n-i-p or p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can produce ultrahigh efficiency (>25%), complex synthesis/deposition processes together with strict requirements for preparing the hole-and electrontransport layers (HTLs and ETLs) pose a challenge to accessing low-cost perovskite devices. To address this issue, a simple strategy of employing a self-doped perovskite homojunction to replace the HTLs and ETLs has been widely proposed. However, this type of TL-free homojunction PSCs is usually endowed with poor efficiency. Here, the design principles and working mechanisms of the TL-free homojunction PSCs are clarified via a rigorous photoelectric simulation...

The q‐rung orthopair fuzzy set ( q‐ROFS) that the sum of the qth power of the membership degree and the qth power of the nonmembership degree is restricted to one is a generalization of fuzzy set (FS). Recently, many researchers have given a series of aggregation operators to fuse q‐rung orthopair fuzzy discrete information. Subsequently, although some scholars have also focused on studying q‐rung orthopair fuzzy continuous information and give its continuity, derivative, differential, and integral, those studies are only considered from the perspective of multivariable fuzzy functions. Thus, the main aim of the paper is to study the q‐rung orthopair fuzzy continuous single variable information. In this paper, we first define the concept of q‐rung orthopair single variable fuzzy function ( q‐ROSVFF) to describe the fuzzy continuous information, and give its domain to make sure that this kind of function is meaningful. Afterward, we propose the limits, continuities, and infinitesimal of q‐ROSVFFs, and offer the relationship between the limit of q‐ROSVFF and that of q‐ROSVFF infinitesimal. On the basis of the definition of derivative in mathematical analysis, we define the subtraction and division derivatives and basic operational rules, and offer the simpler proofs for the derivatives of q‐ROSVFFs. What is more, we propose the subtraction and division differential invariances, and give the approximate calculation formulas of q‐ROSVFFs when the value of independent variable is changed small enough. In the real situation, fundamental functions cannot be used to express more complicated functions, thus we define the compound q‐ROSVFFs and give their chain rules of subtraction and division derivatives. Finally, we use numerical examples by simulation to verify the feasibility and veracity of the approximate calculation on q‐ROSVFFs.