Survival of non-human primates (NHPs) with life-supporting kidneys 1-4 or hearts 5 extends for many months. Attention has now turned towards phase transition to the first clinical trials. Ideally, the genetically engineered pig used as the source of the organs in the pre-clinical studies should be the same as that planned for the first clinical trials. Unfortunately, this will be difficult, and maybe impossible, because of differences in antibody binding to pig cells between humans and Old World NHPs. 6,7

In conclusion, the present study indicates that, apart from GTKO and DKO, removal of the three major known carbohydrate xenoglycans from pigs does not reduce the human proliferative response to pig cells. The evidence revealed a role of the sialic acid Neu5Gc expression in pig cells for T-cell immune response via glycan-mediated pathways. 8,9 We suggest, therefore, that, although the human antibody-mediated response to a TKO pig organ graft will be reduced, cell-mediated rejection may be just as vigorous as to a WT pig organ, and greater than to a GTKO or DKO pig organ.

Background 4‐Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), playing a critical role in vitamin E and plastoquinone biosynthesis in plants, has been recognized as one of the most important targets for herbicide discovery for over 30 years. Structure‐based rational design of HPPD inhibitors has received more and more research interest. However, a critical challenge in the discovery of new HPPD inhibitors is the common inconsistency between molecular‐level HPPD‐based bioevaluation and the weed control efficiency in fields, due to the unpredictable biological processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Results In this study, we developed a fluorescent‐sensing platform of efficient in vivo screening for HPPD‐targeted herbicide discovery. The refined sensor has good capability of in situ real‐time fluorescence imaging of HPPD in living cells and zebrafish. More importantly, it enabled the direct visible monitoring of HPPD inhibition in plants in a real‐time manner. Conclusion We developed a highly efficient in vivo fluorescent screening method for HPPD‐targeted herbicide discovery. This discovery not only offers a promising tool to advance HPPD‐targeted herbicide discovery, but it also demonstrates a general path to develop the highly efficient, target‐based, in vivo screening for pesticide discovery. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.