The decomposition processes of alkali or alkaline earth carbonates with a large excess of carbon, and the reverse Boudouard reaction given by over metal carbonates, were compared. The carbonates of CO 2 /C ] 2CO Li`, Na`, K`, Cs`, Sr2`and Ba2`generated CO exclusively by an intermolecular redox reaction given byThe reverse Boudouard reaction over these metal carbonates at 700 ¡C proceeded CO 3 2~] C ] 2CO ] O2~. at a steady rate until just before the carbon was completely consumed, and in the cases of Li`, Sr2`and Ba2`, the rates agreed with the initial rates of the intermolecular redox reaction. On the other hand, the rates over the carbonates of Na`, K`and Cs`, the oxides of which undergo a disproportionation reaction to produce gas-phase metal and liquid-phase metal peroxide, were much higher than the initial rates of the intermolecular redox reaction. This discrepancy can be explained by the presence of a catalytic process on the metal-covered surface of the silica wool that was used for preventing the highly basic gas-phase metals from escaping.
The fruits of China's rapid economic development over the 3 decades have not been distributed fairly across different regions. Using data from a sample of 815 Chinese listed firms during 1998-2004, our error-correction investment model showes evidence of different financial constraints on firms' investment in different regions. We argue that China's regional development policies have contributed greatly to the regional inequalities. To control the rising inequality, China has shifted its focus from the coast to the interior regions. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the government to direct the economy, as market mechanisms now have a far greater influence on the economy than the government does. The people-centered approach of the current leadership has meant that substantial attention has been placed on regional development disparities in an attempt to build a "harmonious society." China needs further extensive reforms if all the measures for reducing regional disparity are to be effective. Copyright (c) 2008 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2008 Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Drawing on the data collected from three surveys in China's Zhejiang province during the period from 1999 to 2006, this article attempts to examine women's political participation in village autonomy and village elections in China. The data show that while men and women have obtained a very similar level of self-awareness and motivation in terms of political participation, China's patriarchal system, embedded in various forms of mindset and political practice, continues to constrain rural women's political involvement in a substantial way. The gender gap remains and the proportion of rural women in local power structures is declining. The article explains both the similarities and differences between men and women in rural political participation, and identifies some major causes for the decline of women's share in grassroots leading positions. It shows that there is no causal linkage between economic development and the improvement of women's political participation, and that the lack of political and other systematic supports leads to the low proportion of women in local power structures.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.