The expression of TREM-1 mRNA in the patients with AP increases obviously, and correlates with the degree of AP. Furthermore, the expression of TREM-1 mRNA is distinctly different at the different stages of AP. It indicates TREM-1 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of AP.

The expression of reintroduced human SSTR2 gene exerts its antiangiogenic effects by down-regulating the expressions of the factors involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, suggesting SSTR2 gene transfer as a new strategy of gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Somatostatin receptor subtypes, especially subtype 2 (SSTR2), exert their antitumor (cytostatic and/or cytotoxic) and anti-angiogenic effects. Here we aimed to investigate the anti-angiogenic effect of SSTR2 gene transfer into pancreatic cancer cell line PC-3, and the mechanisms involved in this effect. The full-length human SSTR2 complementary DNA was introduced into pancreatic cancer cell line PC-3 by lipofectamine-mediated transfection, and stable expression of SSTR2 was detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Athymic mice were separately xenografted with SSTR2-expressing cells (experimental group), vector control and mock control cells. Intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to determine the expression of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in xenograft tumors. MVD was significantly lower in the experimental group (5.16 +/- 1.34) than that in the vector control (16.52 +/- 2.25) and mock control (15.32 +/- 2.53) (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemical assay showed a significant decrease in the expression of VEGF, bFGF and MMP-2 protein in the experimental group compared with the vector control and mock control, considering both the integral optical density and area of staining (P < 0.05). RT-PCR showed a significant reduction of VEGF, bFGF and MMP-2 mRNA expression in the experimental group compared with the vector control and mock control (P < 0.05). Thus, introduction of the SSTR2 gene, the expression of which is frequently lost in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, exerts its anti-angiogenic effects by down-regulating the expression of the factors, which are involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, suggesting SSTR2 gene transfer as a promising strategy of gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Overexpression of survivin in cholangiocarcinomas may play an important role in the development of cholangiocarcinoma, its relationship with prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma deserves further investigation. Higher expression of survivin is induced by doxorubicin in QBC939. Survivin expression may resist apoptosis induced by chemotherapy agents.

Re-expression of the SSTR2 gene, the expression of which is frequently lost in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, induces apoptosis, which may be mediated via down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax (alteration of Bcl-2/Bax ratio) and inhibits tumor angiogenesis in pancreatic carcinoma, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth.