This paper presents an evaluation of the pull-out behaviour of tyre strip-reinforced granular soil. The three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) and laboratory testing were used to systematically calibrate the soil particles and the tyre strip based on their stress-strain relationship, tensile stiffness, and interface shear strength. Particle shapes were considered during sand calibration. The scaled pull-out resistance was found to match that of the experimental data. Contributions of the sectional interface shear force to the total pull-out resistance were calculated to explain the progressive failure mechanism mobilised at the tyre-sand interface. The shear force along the tyre strip was not uniformly distributed but higher in the middle portion of the tyre strip. It gradually extended towards the front end of the tyre strip before global interface slipping failure occurred. Comparing the pull-out behaviour of extensible and inextensible tyre strips, the elastic deformation of the tyre strip delayed the occurrence but not the magnitude of peak pull-out force. Micro-mechanical interactions between tyre strip and sand during shear mobilisation were discussed, and induced anisotropy was revealed. The experimental and DEM investigation results in this study provide researchers with an improved understanding of tyre-soil interaction under pull-out loads.
In recent years, many researchers have discovered that recycled rubber tyres could be an economical and environmentally-friendly reinforcement material in geotechnical engineering. While the use of rubber tyre-reinforced soil has become increasingly popular, there is still a lack of a robust and systematic method to model rubber tyres when using the discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the stress-strain responses. In this paper, DEM rubber tyres are simulated by bonding regular-packed balls, and numerically tested under tensile force using the particle flow code in three dimensions (PFC 3D ). When comparing the effects of different packing on the sample, using Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, it was found that only BCC (body-centredcubic) packing could achieve a Poisson's ratio of 0.5 representing no volume change during the deformation of rubber. The difference between uniaxial compression and tension simulations was also compared as well as the influences of particle overlapping, particle radius and sample aspect ratio on the mechanical response of the tyre model. Finally, the DEM parameters were set to match the experimental Young's modulus data. The DEM method for rubber tyre strips proposed in this paper could be a basis to study other rubber reinforcements such as tyre chips and shreds, irregular rubber buffings and granulated rubber.
In order to improve the quality of Perccottus gleniis myofibril protein gel, the index of hardness and springiness, the single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used to optimize the conditions of heating temperature, PH value and heating time in the process. Results showed that the optimal conditions for strengthening gelation properties of P. glenii myofibril were 84℃, pH6.5, 49 min, at the same time, the hardness and springiness values were 0.856 and 76.825, in this condition Proven test to obtain hardness and elasticity were 76.798 and 0.857, which were close to the predicted value. Results showed that the model could can be uesd in the well on process optimization.
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