Band gap-tunable potassium doped graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced mineralization ability was prepared using dicyandiamide monomer and potassium hydrate as precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the prepared catalysts. The CB and VB potentials of graphitic carbon nitride could be tuned from -1.09 and +1.56 eV to -0.31 and +2.21 eV by controlling the K concentration. Besides, the addition of potassium inhibited the crystal growth of graphitic carbon nitride, enhanced the surface area and increased the separation rate for photogenerated electrons and holes. The visible-light-driven Rhodamine B (RhB) photodegradation and mineralization performances were significantly improved after potassium doping. A possible influence mechanism of the potassium concentration on the photocatalytic performance was proposed.
With
the exploration and development of natural gas gradually extended
to the deep sea, low-temperature and high-pressure environmental conditions
and long-distance transportation make flow assurance engineers have
to consider the impact of the formation and blockage of natural gas
hydrates on the flow stability in the pipeline. Therefore, an inadequate
understanding of the hydrate formation and plugging mechanism in a
gas-rich (gas-dominant) system has become a serious obstacle to the
prediction of hydrate formation and implementation of blocking prevention
and control strategies. To this end, this review has conducted a comprehensive
review of recent experimental investigations into hydrate formation
and blockage in gas-rich systems in flow loop devices, and the physical
models to characterize the clogging mechanism of hydrates established
by previous scholars were summarized. In addition, the three flow
patterns of the gas-rich system were divided, and the hydrate deposition
mechanism corresponding to each flow pattern and the prediction model
of the deposition layer thickness was summarized. Eventually, the
natural gas hydrate mitigation and prophylaxis and restrain strategies
used in the process of deep-sea natural gas transportation were summarized,
including advantages and disadvantages of natural gas dehydration,
changing the gas flow rate, and adding chemical inhibitors. The advantages
and feasibility of an under-inhibited system and changing the gas
flow rate for the management and prevention of hydrate blockage were
emphasized. The conclusion can improve the safety index of natural
gas development and transportation operations and reduce the output
loss of natural gas energy and economic loss of hydrate anti-blocking.
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