We extend the theory of hyperbolicity of links in the 3-sphere to tg-hyperbolicity of virtual links, using the fact that the theory of virtual links can be translated into the theory of links living in closed orientable thickened surfaces. When the boundary surfaces are taken to be totally geodesic, we obtain a tg-hyperbolic structure with a unique associated volume. We prove that all virtual alternating links are tg-hyperbolic. We further extend tg-hyperbolicity to several classes of non-alternating virtual links. We then consider bounds on volumes of virtual links and include a table for volumes of the 116 nontrivial virtual knots of four or fewer crossings, all of which, with the exception of the trefoil knot, turn out to be tg-hyperbolic.
The Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) is a comprehensive, literature-derived index for assessing the effect of dietary constituents on inflammatory biomarkers and inflammation-related chronic diseases. Several studies have examined the association between E-DII scores and mortality, with results that vary across populations. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential association between E-DII scores and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Screening Trial. E-DII scores, calculated based on a food-frequency questionnaire, were analyzed both as a continuous variable and after categorization into quintiles. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 101,832 individuals were included, with 24,141 deaths recorded after a median of 17.0 years of follow-up. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, the E-DII score was significantly associated with all-cause mortality. The HR (95% CI) in the highest E-DII quintile compared to the lowest quintile was 1.23 (1.18–1.29). The E-DII was also statistically related to CVD mortality (Q5 vs. Q1; HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.20–1.41]) and cancer mortality (Q5 vs. Q1; HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.06–1.24]). Similar results were obtained from sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses. In conclusion, the inflammatory potential of the diet, as calculated by the E-DII, was significantly associated with overall and CVD- and cancer-specific mortality risk in the PLCO study.
Objective: Cage rearing has critical implications for the laying duck industry because it is convenient for feeding and management. However, caging stress is a type of chronic stress that induces maladaptation. Environmental stress responses have been extensively studied, but no detailed information is available about the comprehensive changes in plasma metabolites at different stages of caging stress in ducks. We designed this experiment to analyze the effects of caging stress on performance parameters and oxidative stress indexes in ducks.Methods: Furthermore, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was used to determine the changes in metabolites in duck plasma at 5 (CR5), 10 (CR10), and 15 (CR15) days after cage rearing and traditional breeding (TB). The associated pathways of differentially altered metabolites were analyzed using KEGG database. Results:The results of this study indicate that caging stress decreased performance parameters, and the plasma T-SOD levels were increased in the CR10 group compared with the other groups. In addition, 1431 metabolites were detected. Compared with the TB group, 134, 381 and 190 differentially produced metabolites were identified in the CR5, CR10 and CR15 groups, respectively. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) show that the selected components sufficiently distinguish the TB group and CR10 group. KEGG analysis results revealed that the differentially altered metabolites in duck plasma from the CR5 and TB groups were mainly associated with ovarian steroidogenesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated A c c e p t e d A r t i c l e 4 fatty acids, and phenylalanine metabolism.Conclusions: In this study, the production performance, blood indexes, number of metabolites and PCA were compared to determine effect of the caging stress stage on ducks.We inferred from the aforementioned experimental results that caging-stressed ducks were in the sensitive phase in the first 5 days after caging, caging for approximately 10 days was an important transition phase, and then the duck continually adapted.
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