Myocardial infarction, among other ischemic heart diseases, is the major cause of mortality and morbidity for patients who have heart diseases. Timely reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium is the most effective way to treat myocardial infarction. However, blood reperfusion to the ischemic tissues leads to an overproduction of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can further exacerbate myocardial damage on top of ischemic injury. ROS has been used as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury and as an environmental stimulus to trigger drug release. In this study, a ROS‐sensitive cross‐linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel is synthesized to deliver basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for myocardial repair. The therapeutic gel is injected into the pericardial cavity. Upon delivery, the hydrogel spread on the surface of the heart and form an epicardiac patch in situ. In a rat model of I/R injury, bFGF released from the gel could penetrate the myocardium. Such intervention protects cardiac function and reduces fibrosis in the post‐I/R heart, with enhanced angiomyogenesis. Furthermore, the safety and feasibility of minimally invasive injection and access into the pericardial cavity in both pigs and human patients are demonstrated.

Apelin is an endogenous ligand of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin and APJ are distributed in various tissues, including the heart, lung, kidney, and even in tumor tissues. Studies show that apelin mRNA is highly expressed in the inner stripe of kidney outer medulla, which plays an important role in process of water and sodium balance. Additionally, more studies also indicate that apelin/APJ system exerts a broad range of activities in kidney. Therefore, we review the role of apelin/APJ system in kidney diseases such as renal fibrosis, renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and hemodialysis (HD). Apelin/APJ system can improve renal interstitial fibrosis by reducing the deposition of extracellular matrix. Apelin/APJ system significantly reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting renal cell death. Apelin/APJ system involves the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Apelin/APJ system also predicts the process of polycystic kidney disease. Besides, apelin/APJ system prevents some dialysis complications in HD patients. And apelin/APJ system alleviates chronic kidney disease (CKD) by inhibiting vascular calcification (VC). Overall, apelin/APJ system plays diversified roles in kidney disease and may be a potential target for the treatment of kidney disease.

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Mitochondria play a key role in the maintenance of neuronal function by continuously providing energy. Here, we will give a detailed review about the recent developments in regards to dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) induced unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, excessive mitochondrial division, and neuronal injury in neural system dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases, including the Drp1 knockout induced mice embryonic death, the dysfunction of the Drp1‐dependent mitochondrial division induced neuronal cell apoptosis and impaired neuronal axonal transportation, the abnormal interaction between Drp1 and amyloid β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the mutant Huntingtin (Htt) in Huntington's disease (HD), and the Drp1‐associated pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Drp1 is required for mitochondrial division determining the size, shape, distribution, and remodeling as well as maintaining of mitochondrial integrity in mammalian cells. In addition, increasing reports indicate that the Drp1 is involved in some cellular events of neuronal cells causing some neural system dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases, including impaired mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, and several posttranslational modification induced increased mitochondrial divisions. Recent studies also revealed that the Drp1 can interact with Aβ, phosphorylated τ, and mutant Htt affecting the mitochondrial shape, size, distribution, axonal transportation, and energy production in the AD and HD neuronal cells. These changes can affect the health of mitochondria and the function of synapses causing neuronal injury and eventually leading to the dysfunction of memory, cognitive impairment, resting tremor, posture instability, involuntary movements, and progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis in patients.

In this article, we creatively incorporated Ag-SiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles (Ag-SiO 2 -NPs) into photo-/ electro-active layers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in polymer solar cells (PSCs). By this way, the photovoltaic performances of PSCs have largely been enhanced. The results demonstrate a 13.50% enhancement of short-circuit photocurrent density (J sc ) and a 15.11% enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) as the weight percent of doped Ag-SiO 2 -NPs is 1.5 wt% in the active layer of corresponding PSCs. We attribute the enhancement to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Ag-SiO 2 -NPs, by which the incident light harvesting is enlarged. Whereas, the incorporated bare Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in the active layer of PSCs decreases the PCE, which is ascribed to the quenching of excitons at the surface of Ag-NPs and the poor dispersion of Ag-NPs in the active layer. Importantly, this work provides a new approach to enhance the performance of PSCs via the LSPR effect of Ag-SiO 2 -NPs other than via non-circular nanometals.

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APJ is a G protein‐coupled receptor and its endogenous ligand is apelin. Studies have shown that apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in the body, especially highly expressed in the vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Numerous reports have demonstrated that apelin/APJ system plays an important role in the regulation of ECs function. Our lab has demonstrated that apelin‐13 is able to promote adhesion of monocyte‐human umbilical vein EC via 14‐3‐3, and reactive oxygen species‐autophagy signaling pathways. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory mechanism of apelin/APJ system in EC, including promotion of proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Moreover, we also analyze the role of apelin/APJ on endothelial dysfunction‐related diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Finally, we summarize the most commonly used agonists and antagonists of APJ. Therefore, apelin/APJ system is expected to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction‐related diseases.