High-entropy herringbone alloy Eutectic high-entropy alloys have a dual phase structure that could be useful for optimizing a material’s properties. Shi et al . found that directional solidification of an aluminum-iron-cobalt-nickel eutectic high-entropy alloy created a herringbone-patterned microstructure that was extremely resistant to fracture (see the Perspective by An). The structure contained lamellae of hard and soft phases, and the cracks that formed in the hard phase were arrested at the boundary of the soft phase. This, along with stress transfer, allowed a tripling of the maximal elongation while retaining high strength. —BG

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In five short-term experiments conducted in Victoria in 1997 and 1998, grazing dairy cows were given either pasture alone or pasture supplemented with high-energy concentrates, and the fatty acid profiles of milk fat were measured. We established the effects of these feeds on some aspects of milk fat of importance for human nutrition, but we specifically focused on the hypothesis that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in milk fat increase as pasture intake increases, and decrease as more concentrates are fed. In agreement with previous research, feeding fresh pasture alone resulted in high concentrations (1·0–1·8 g/100 g milk fat) of CLA. When the effect of level of pasture consumption on CLA content was examined, a significant positive relationship (r2=0·35; P<0·05) was obtained. When cereal grain concentrates were used to supplement pasture intake, the CLA content of milk fat generally declined (P<0·05), except where the amount of concentrates given led to a marked reduction in total milk fat concentration. The use of cereal grain concentrates also generally resulted in significant (P<0·05) increases in medium-chain saturated fatty acids, but always reduced the contribution of butyric acid to milk fat, from 4·5 to 3·9 g/100 g milk fat, on average.

We have investigated silicon particles formed in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system and have measured their structural properties by electron microscopy. ICP silane plasmas are shown to be an interesting and versatile source of nanoparticles. Three regimes are mapped out: a regime of no observable particle growth at the lowest pressures, a regime of polydisperse and agglomerated particles at the highest pressures, and a regime yielding highly monodisperse particles at intermediate pressures. Our results suggest that an ICP allows this unique production of monodisperse nanoparticles at high concentrations. The particle size can be controlled from 15 to 200 nm and is determined by the plasma on time. For short plasma times, particle growth appears to be due primarily to coagulation, while in the second phase particle growth is attributed primarily to surface deposition. For H2 dilutions less than 92%, the growth rate is almost independent of H2 partial pressure. Transmission electron micrographs, however, indicate that the addition of hydrogen decreases the particle density. At higher dilution ratios, polycrystalline particles are obtained. Under all other conditions the particles are amorphous.

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of temperature, pressure, and flow rate of dense CO2 on its ability to extract, refine, and fractionate rice bran oil. Column beds (300 g) of rice bran were extracted with dense CO2 at a flow rate of ∼2.5 kg/h, temperatures of 0−60 °C, and pressures of 17−31 MPa over a period of 6 h. The extracted total oil; the free fatty acid, α-tocopherol, sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol), and oryzanol components; together with moisture were measured at intervals. Extraction was almost complete in 6 h, and rates of extraction were consistent with saturation of the CO2 with rice bran oil throughout most of the process. Extraction of the oil components was described by apparent partition coefficients between the oil and CO2 phases. The observed differences in partition coefficients provide a basis for refining and fractionation of rice bran oil. Keywords: Dense carbon dioxide; extraction; rice bran oil