Encapsulation of cells/microorganisms attracts great attention in many applications, but current studies mainly focus on hydrophilic encapsulation materials. Herein, we develop a new class of hydrophobic and lipophilic organogels for highly efficient encapsulation of Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous yeast, by a mild and nonsolvent photopolymerization method. The organogels allow free diffusion of hydrophobic molecules that oleaginous yeasts require to survive and function. Moreover, they are mechanically robust and possess favorable biocompatibility, thus providing a free-standing platform and an ideal survival environment for oleaginous Y. lipolytica encapsulation. By tuning monomer structures and cross-linking densities, the optimized organogel, Gel12‑1.5%, achieves the highest viability of ∼96%. Furthermore, organogels can inhibit the cryoinjuries to oleaginous yeasts in cryopreservation, exhibiting the potential for long-term storage. It is also found that with varying alkyl lengths, the organogels show different temperature-dependent phase transition properties, which enable the rapid selection of targeted yeasts for steganography. Findings in this work provide guidance for designing biocompatible, hydrophobic, and lipophilic encapsulation materials.
Introduction: Few cases of local subcutaneous atrophy after corticosteroid injection have been described previously. Here, we report 2 patients who had weakness of hip extension and atrophy of the gluteus maximus after several intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide injections in the buttocks. Patient concerns: A 50-year-old woman presented with hand eczema and received biweekly intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide injections in the gluteus maximus. After 12 weeks, she experienced difficulty getting up from the armchair and walking upstairs, and noted asymptomatic, oval, gently sloped depressions of the bilateral hips around the injection sites. The other patient was a 45-year-old woman with a medical history of allergic rhinitis. One and a half years before admission, she received weekly intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide injections in the gluteus maximus for 4 weeks for seasonal allergic rhinitis allergic attacks. Six months before admission, she noted depressions in the bilateral hips around the injection sites. Diagnosis: Physical examination of both patients showed normal muscle strength, except for bilateral hip extension. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thigh revealed atrophy and fatty infiltration of the bilateral gluteus maximus. Interventions: The 2 patients started rehabilitation therapy. Outcomes: Six months later, their weakness and atrophy remained unchanged. Conclusions: The patients in this case report had weakness and atrophy secondary to the use of triamcinolone acetonide. Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy chiefly affects limb-girdle muscles, the focal form of which needs to be recognized.
The pathogenesis of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS) syndrome has not been fully elucidated. The m.3243A > G mutation which is responsible for 80% MELAS patients affects proteins with undetermined functions. Therefore, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis on skeletal muscle specimens from MELAS patients. We recruited 10 patients with definitive MELAS and 10 age- and gender- matched controls. Proteomic analysis based on nanospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed using data-independent acquisition (DIA) method and differentially expressed proteins were revealed by bioinformatics analysis. We identified 128 differential proteins between MELAS and controls, including 68 down-regulated proteins and 60 up-regulated proteins. The differential proteins involved in oxidative stress were identified, including heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), alpha-crystallin B chain (CRYAB), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and selenoprotein P. Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis showed significant enrichment in phagosome, ribosome and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway. The imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, the activation of autophagosomes, and the abnormal metabolism of mitochondrial ribosome proteins (MRPs) might play an important role in m.3243A > G MELAS. The combination of proteomic and bioinformatics analysis could contribute potential molecular networks to the pathogenesis of MELAS in a comprehensive manner.
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