Phelipanche aegyptiaca is one of the most destructive root parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae. This plant has significant impacts on crop yields worldwide. Conditioned and host root stimulants, in particular, strigolactones, are needed for unique seed germination. However, no extensive study on this phenomenon has been conducted because of insufficient genomic information. Deep RNA sequencing, including de novo assembly and functional annotation was performed on P. aegyptiaca germinating seeds. The assembled transcriptome was used to analyze transcriptional dynamics during seed germination. Key gene categories involved were identified. A total of 274,964 transcripts were determined, and 53,921 unigenes were annotated according to the NR, GO, COG, KOG, and KEGG databases. Overall, 5324 differentially expressed genes among dormant, conditioned, and GR24-treated seeds were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses demonstrated numerous DEGs related to DNA, RNA, and protein repair and biosynthesis, as well as carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Moreover, ABA and ethylene were found to play important roles in this process. GR24 application resulted in dramatic changes in ABA and ethylene-associated genes. Fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, alone could induce P. aegyptiaca seed germination. In addition, conditioning was probably not the indispensable stage for P. aegyptiaca, because the transcript level variation of MAX2 and KAI2 genes (relate to strigolactone signaling) was not up-regulated by conditioning treatment.
Common bunt, caused by Tilletia laevis Kühn [syn. T. foetida (Wallr) Liro] and Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. [syn. T. caries (DC) Tul.], is an important wheat disease worldwide. To quickly differentiate the closely related fungi T. laevis, T. tritici and Tilletia controversa (a pathogen that causes dwarf bunt of wheat and has been requested as a quarantined pathogen in many countries), a rapid diagnostic and detection method for an ISSR molecular marker was developed for the first time in this study. Based on the T. laevis-specific band (1300 bp) amplified by the primer ISSR860, a pair of SCAR primers (L60F/L60R) was designed to amplify a specific 660-bp DNA fragment from the isolates of T. laevis but not other related pathogens. The detection limit of the SCAR marker was 0.4 ng/μl of DNA from T. laevis; moreover, a SYBR Green I real-time PCR method was also successfully developed based on the SCAR marker with the detection limit of 10 fg/μl T. laevis DNA. This is the first report of a rapid, specific and highly sensitive SCAR marker and SYBR Green I real-time PCR method for detection of the teliospores of T. laevis based on ISSR technology. This method allows highly efficient, rapid and accurate differentiation of the pathogen from related pathogens, especially from the very similar pathogens T. tritici and T. controversa.
Parasitic broomrape of the genus Orobanche poses a formidable threat to producing many crops in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Orobanche cumana and Phelipanche aegyptiaca are two of China's most destructive root parasitic plants, causing extreme sunflower, tomato, melon, and tobacco damage. However, the potentially suitable areas of O. cumana and P. aegyptiaca in China have not been predicted, and little is known about the important environmental factors that affect their extension. Due to their invasiveness and economic importance, studying how climate change and host plants may affect broomrapes' distribution is necessary. In the study, we first predicted the potentially suitable areas of the invasive weeds (O. cumana and P. aegyptiaca) and their susceptible host plants (Helianthus annuus and Solanum lycopersicon) using MaxEnt. Then, the risk zones and distribution shifts of two broomrapes under different climate conditions were identified by incorporating the distribution of their susceptible host plants. The results highlighted that the potential middle-and high-risk zones for O. cumana and P. aegyptiaca amounted to 197.88 × 10 4 km 2 and 12.90 × 10 4 km 2 , respectively. Notably, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia were the highest-risk areas within the distribution and establishment of O. cumana and P. aegyptiaca. Elevation and topsoil pH were the decisive factors for shaping O. cumana distribution; precipitation seasonality and annual precipitation were the dominant bioclimatic variables limiting the spread of P. aegyptiaca. The potentially suitable areas and risk zones of O. cumana would decrease significantly, and those of P. aegyptiaca would fluctuate slightly under future climate change scenarios. Overall, our study suggested that the two broomrapes' risk zones will significantly northward to higher latitudes. The results will provide suggestions for preventing O. cumana and P. aegyptiaca.
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